# Pain That Challenges Survival: A Novel SCN9A Variant (p.Leu1623Gln) Causing Carbamazepine-Refractory Paroxysmal Extreme Pain Disorder in a Chinese Family — Case Report

## TL;DR

A novel SCN9A gene variant causes severe, treatment-resistant pain in a Chinese family, highlighting the need for early genetic diagnosis.

## Contribution

The study reports a novel SCN9A variant (p.Leu1623Gln) associated with a severe, carbamazepine-refractory form of paroxysmal extreme pain disorder in Chinese patients.

## Key findings

- A novel SCN9A variant (p.Leu1623Gln) was identified in a Chinese family with paroxysmal extreme pain disorder.
- The variant was associated with severe, progressive pain unresponsive to carbamazepine and high suicidality risk.
- This case expands the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of SCN9A-related channelopathies.

## Abstract

Background and Clinical Significance: Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder (PEPD) is an extremely rare autosomal dominant sodium channelopathy caused by SCN9A gain-of-function variants. It is characterized by infantile-onset excruciating paroxysmal pain, typically in rectal, ocular, or mandibular regions, triggered by innocuous stimuli and accompanied by autonomic flares. Carbamazepine is dramatically effective in most reported cases. To date, only two genetically confirmed cases have been documented in Chinese patients, and fewer than 20 disease-causing variants are reported worldwide. We report the third Chinese case harboring a novel likely pathogenic SCN9A variant (p.Leu1623Gln), notable for its unusually severe, progressive, and carbamazepine-refractory phenotype, as well as life-threatening psychiatric sequelae, highlighting phenotypic heterogeneity and the devastating impact when standard therapy fails. Case Presentation: A Chinese male proband with positive family history presented with lifelong trigger-induced catastrophic burning and tearing pain in the perineum and lower limbs, associated with erythema, swelling, and occasional non-epileptic seizures. Attacks worsened with age despite escalating polypharmacy, including high-dose opioids, benzodiazepines, topical lidocaine and carbamazepine. Both the proband and his father developed profound psychosocial sequelae including severe depression and suicidal attempts. Next-generation sequencing in the proband revealed a novel heterozygous likely pathogenic variant NM_001365536.1 (SCN9A): c.4868T>A p.(Leu1623Gln). Conclusions: This third reported ethnic Chinese PEPD case expands the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of SCN9A-related channelopathies, demonstrating that some variants can produce carbamazepine-refractory, progressive, and profoundly disabling disease with high suicidality risk. Early genetic diagnosis is critical in family planning and cascade testing, and has the potential in guiding targeted therapy that is under active research.