# Directional and Skill-Level Differences in the Speed–Accuracy Trade-Off During Lacrosse Passing

## TL;DR

This study examines how lacrosse players balance speed and accuracy when passing, finding that skilled players perform better and that errors tend to follow specific directional patterns.

## Contribution

The study introduces directional metrics and ellipse-axis analysis to better understand speed–accuracy trade-offs in lacrosse passing.

## Key findings

- Ball speed increased with effort, but accuracy and consistency decreased, especially along the major axis of error.
- Skilled players showed smaller radial and variable errors, particularly in vertical and major-axis directions.
- Reduced accuracy was due to greater bias and lower consistency, not shifts in the mean landing point.

## Abstract

Background: Passing in lacrosse is a fundamental skill essential for both offense and defense, directly influencing game flow. Although the speed–accuracy trade-off is well recognized in motor control, its features in lacrosse passing—particularly regarding directional aspects and skill differences—remain unclear. This study quantified the relationship between pass speed, accuracy, bias, and consistency and examined directional effects and skill-level differences. Methods: Twenty-two female university players (skilled: n = 9; unskilled: n = 13) executed overhand passes to a 5 cm × 5 cm target from 11 m under three effort conditions: warm-up, game intensity, and full effort. Ball speed was derived from lateral video, and landing coordinates from posterior footage. Accuracy, bias, and consistency were assessed using radial error (RE), centroid error (CE), absolute CE (|CE|), and bivariate variable error (BVE). Directional patterns were analyzed through lateral and vertical components and the 95% confidence intervals of the major and minor axes of an error ellipse. A two-way analysis of variance was performed with condition as the within-subject factor and skill level as the between-subject factor. Results: Ball speed increased significantly across conditions. RE, |CE|, and BVE increased with speed, showing directional dependence: variability expanded mainly along the major axis, while the minor axis remained stable. Skilled players showed smaller RE and BVE, with differences most evident vertically and along the major axis. CE direction stayed consistent, indicating that reduced accuracy stemmed from greater bias magnitude and lower consistency rather than shifts in the mean landing point. Conclusions: Findings confirm a speed–accuracy trade-off in lacrosse passing, characterized by directional specificity and skill-related effects. Combining RE, CE, BVE, and ellipse-axis analyses clarified error structure, showing variability concentrated along the movement axis. These results support training focused on vertical control and timing and highlight the value of directional metrics for assessing lacrosse performance. Future research should include male athletes, advanced levels, and in-game scenarios to extend generalizability.