# A Protocol for the Biomechanical Evaluation of the Types of Setting Motions in Volleyball Based on Kinematics and Muscle Synergies

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a biomechanical protocol to analyze volleyball setting motions using kinematics and muscle synergies, showing high consistency in measurements.

## Contribution

The study presents a novel motion analysis protocol for volleyball setting motions combining kinematics and muscle synergies.

## Key findings

- The protocol demonstrated high test-retest consistency with ICC values greater than 0.90.
- The protocol was efficient to perform, taking about 30 minutes including sensor placement.

## Abstract

Setting is a fundamental movement in volleyball. While there are several optimal interpreters of the role in professional play, there is a surprising lack of advanced measurement techniques for the evaluation of the movement from a biomechanical perspective. We proposed a comprehensive motion analysis protocol based on kinematics and motor coordination assessment (muscle synergies) for an in-depth analysis of the setting gesture. We also quantified the test–retest performance and discussed in detail the potential of the method. A single experienced player (age 27) tested and retested the protocol. The protocol was quite rapid to perform (about 30 min, including placement of kinematic and electromyography sensors on the patient’s body); we found high test and re-test consistency in different sessions within this participant (ICC > 0.90). These preliminary results suggest that the protocol could support the use of the state-of-the-art methods for motion analysis and biomechanics in volleyball and sports in general.