# Quantitative determination of embolization endpoints based on local arterial pressure

## TL;DR

This study introduces a new method to determine when to stop injecting embolic agents during medical procedures by measuring local arterial pressure, improving safety and reducing radiation.

## Contribution

A quantitative embolization endpoint assessment method based on local arterial pressure is established using simulations and experiments.

## Key findings

- The method predicted arterial pressure and flow rate changes with an average error of 1.65% in simulations and 3.09% in experiments.
- In animal studies, the pressure-based method reduced embolic agent use by 17.86% while aligning with imaging results.
- Local arterial pressure is a reliable and standardized criterion for embolization endpoint assessment.

## Abstract

This study aims to optimize the embolization endpoint to improve therapeutic outcomes in interventional procedures and minimize the risk of ectopic embolism caused by excessive embolic agent injection. Hemodynamic changes during embolization were simulated by modeling the terminal resistance vessels as a porous medium. An in vitro experimental platform has been developed to replicate the embolization process. Based on these simulations and experimental data, a quantitative method was established to evaluate the embolization endpoint using local arterial blood pressure. The method was further validated through renal artery embolization experiments in pigs. The quantitative method effectively predicted changes in local arterial pressure and flow rate, with an average error of approximately 1.65% in simulations and 3.09% in in vitro experiments. In animal studies, the pressure‐based endpoint evaluation method closely aligned with imaging results, reducing the required embolic agent by an average of 17.86%. Local arterial blood pressure is considered a reliable criterion for determining the embolization endpoint, offering a relatively standardized and quantitative approach to embolization endpoint assessment. This method has significant clinical value in reducing radiation exposure and facilitating the automation of embolic agent injection procedures in the field of embolization therapy for solid tumors.

This study establishes a quantitative embolization endpoint assessment method based on local arterial pressure, integrating CFD simulations and in vitro experiments, enabling accurate, reproducible, and low‐radiation evaluation to optimize embolization safety and preserve normal tissue.