# Differential gut microbiome composition in three-spined stickleback populations with contrasting levels of mercury accumulation

## TL;DR

This study found that gut microbiome composition in three-spined sticklebacks varies with mercury levels and sex, suggesting environmental and biological factors influence microbial communities.

## Contribution

The study reveals how mercury accumulation and sex influence gut microbiome composition in wild fish populations.

## Key findings

- Microbial community composition varied significantly between males and females.
- Host populations with high and low mercury levels showed distinct gut microbiota.
- 22 ASVs were associated with mercury content, but no specific indicator species for high mercury were found.

## Abstract

Environmental micropollutants and other anthropogenic xenobiotics are potential drivers behind compositional shifts and functional dysregulation of gut microbial communities. Mercury and many of its compounds are highly toxic and ubiquitous environmental pollutants that pose a risk for aquatic biota and humans. Here we compared the gut microbial communities of natural three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus, 1758) populations in Flanders, Belgium, with contrasting muscle mercury concentrations. We hypothesized that exposure to a high mercury load selects for gut flora species with the capacity to tolerate or adapt to this stressor and, thus, leads to a change in the composition of the gut microbiota.

The gut microbiota of 128 host individuals from four populations with low levels of accumulated mercury and four populations with high mercury levels were characterized using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Gut microbial communities were compared across host muscle mercury content levels, host populations and sexes to consider the contribution of these factors in the observed differences in gut microbial diversity and composition.

Microbial community composition varied significantly between males and females, as well as between host populations with high and low muscle mercury content. While the abundance of 22 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) was associated with the host’s muscle mercury content, we detected no specific indicator species for high mercury.

Overall, our results suggest that local factors specific to a host population, potentially including mercury accumulation and sex-specific factors, differentiate the microbial communities inhabiting the gastrointestinal tracts of the three-spined stickleback.