# A single-cell spatiotemporal transcriptomic atlas of mouse prefrontal cortex maps dynamics of intratelencephalic neurons during postnatal development

## TL;DR

This study maps how mouse prefrontal cortex neurons, especially intratelencephalic ones, develop and change during early life using detailed gene activity data.

## Contribution

The study provides a spatiotemporal single-cell transcriptomic atlas of mouse prefrontal cortex development, focusing on intratelencephalic neurons.

## Key findings

- Intratelencephalic neurons show significant molecular and cellular changes during early postnatal development.
- Dynamic gene expression patterns related to axon development and synaptic formation are identified in IT neurons.
- Neuron-glia interactions and signaling pathways during early postnatal development are revealed.

## Abstract

In early postnatal brain, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) remains immature and highly plastic, particularly for the intratelencephalic (IT) neurons. However, the spatiotemporal molecular and cellular dynamics of PFC during this period remain poorly characterized. Here, we performed spatiotemporal single-cell RNA analysis on mouse PFC during different postnatal time points and systematically delineated the molecular and cellular dynamics of mouse PFC during early postnatal development, among which IT neurons exhibit most dramatic alterations. Based on these comprehensive spatiotemporal atlases of PFC, we deciphered the time-specific molecular and cellular characteristics during the maturation process of IT neurons in PFC, particularly the dynamic expression programs of genes regulating axon development and synaptic formation, and the risk genes of neurological developmental diseases. Furthermore, we revealed the dynamic neuron-glia interaction patterns and the underlying signaling pathways during early postnatal period. Our study provided a comprehensive resource and important insights for PFC development and PFC-associated neurological diseases.

The prefrontal cortex is a key brain region for higher cognitive functions, but how its circuits mature during postnatal development is poorly understood. This study provides a transcriptomic resource for the mouse prefrontal cortex spanning 84 days of development, and offers insights into the dynamics of cell populations and expression of psychiatric risk genes.