# Identification of transdiagnostic phenomena among patients, the general population, relatives, and mental health professionals using topic modeling techniques

## TL;DR

This study uses topic modeling to identify common psychological themes across patients, the general population, relatives, and mental health professionals, supporting a transdiagnostic approach to mental disorders.

## Contribution

The study introduces topic modeling as a novel method to uncover transdiagnostic phenomena in mental health narratives.

## Key findings

- 258 topics were identified and grouped into 12 overarching themes, including emotional difficulties, family relationships, and therapeutic processes.
- Themes showed similar prevalence across different diagnostic groups, supporting their transdiagnostic nature.
- Topic modeling proved effective in extracting psychological patterns from diverse narratives.

## Abstract

Recent research has highlighted the limitations of the categorical approach to mental disorders and has increasingly supported the development of a transdiagnostic perspective. This emerging approach focuses on common distal factors (circumstantial, biological, and social) and psychological processes that contribute to psychological suffering across a range of disorders, as well as on the resulting psychological symptoms. The present study aims to identify transdiagnostic distal factors, psychological processes, and symptoms by analyzing narratives through topic modeling—an unsupervised machine learning technique, specifically within Natural Language Processing (NLP). Topic modeling enables the automatic extraction of latent themes from unstructured text, making it possible to identify psychological patterns grounded in patients’ lived experiences.

We recruited four groups of participants: Patients diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder (N = 445), Individuals from the general population (N = 570), Relatives of patients with psychiatric disorders (N = 354), and Mental health professionals (N = 131). Participants answered open-ended questions exploring the causes of psychological suffering, their wishes for change, and their previous experiences with psychotherapy.

We identified 258 topics, which were organized into 12 overarching themes. The most prominent topics concerned Emotional and Psychological Difficulties, Family and Social Relationships, and Therapeutic Processes. Each theme showed a comparable prevalence across the different diagnostic categories, supporting the transdiagnostic nature of these phenomena.

Topic modeling can be used effectively to identify transdiagnostic distal factors, psychological processes, and symptoms from diverse narratives. This approach tends to provide a novel means of supporting the relevance and validity of the transdiagnostic perspective.