# Phosphorus limitation heightens vulnerability of Crocosphaera watsonii to ocean warming compared with iron limitation

## TL;DR

Ocean warming affects the nitrogen-fixing phytoplankton Crocosphaera watsonii more under phosphorus limitation than iron limitation, potentially impacting marine ecosystems.

## Contribution

The study reveals how phosphorus limitation increases the vulnerability of C. watsonii to ocean warming compared to iron limitation.

## Key findings

- Phosphorus-limited C. watsonii performs better at lower temperatures and has a narrower optimal range than iron-limited cultures.
- Extreme temperatures override nutrient limitation effects, with no significant differences in growth or fixation rates at 20 °C and 34 °C.
- P-limited C. watsonii may migrate to cooler regions under warming, leaving lower-latitude ecosystems more nitrogen-limited.

## Abstract

Phytoplankton rely on diazotrophs like the globally important Crocosphaera watsonii to provide bioavailable nitrogen through nitrogen fixation. Given predicted global warming and oligotrophic scenarios, we investigated how nutrient limitation modulates C. watsonii’s response to ocean warming, to better understand future marine ecosystem health.

We performed complete temperature curves (20–34 °C) under three nutrient conditions [iron (Fe)-limited, phosphorus (P)-limited, and Fe/P-replete] to compare physiological responses and test previously hypothesized temperature-nutrient interactions.

Across the viable temperature range, replete culture growth and fixation rates showed narrower, unimodal-like curves, contrasting the greater plateauing witnessed in nutrient-limited thermal curves. Under both limitations, nitrogen fixation was more impacted than carbon fixation. Fe-limited cultures performed better at higher temperatures (survival range: 22–34 °C) and shared thermal optima with replete cultures for growth rates (28–32 °C), while P-limited cultures performed better at lower temperatures (survival range: 20–32 °C) with a narrower optimum range (28–30 °C). Furthermore, extreme temperatures appear to outweigh and override nutrient limitation effects at the warmer end for Fe-limited cultures (34 °C) and the cooler end for P-limited cultures (20 °C), as no significant differences were observed between limited and replete cultures for both growth and fixation rates at these temperatures.

Given predicted sea temperature increases and the rising frequency and intensity of oceanic heat waves, our results suggest that C. watsonii in P-limited regimes like the North Atlantic may be more vulnerable to warming than in Fe-limited regimes like the North Pacific. P-limitation may force C. watsonii to migrate to higher, cooler latitudes for survival, possibly leaving lower-latitude phytoplankton and ecosystems more vulnerable to nitrogen limitation.