# Autonomous thermodynamically informed database generation for machine-learned interatomic potentials and application to magnesium

## TL;DR

This paper introduces an automated method to build training databases for machine-learned interatomic potentials, applied to magnesium, enabling accurate predictions across extreme conditions.

## Contribution

A novel automated framework for generating thermodynamically informed training data for MLIPs without prior phase knowledge.

## Key findings

- The framework successfully generated a magnesium model valid across 0–600 GPa and 0–8000 K.
- The model accurately predicted phonon spectra, elastic constants, and phase diagrams.
- The approach reduces computational cost while maintaining robustness and transferability.

## Abstract

We propose a novel approach for constructing training databases for Machine-Learned Interatomic Potential (MLIP) models, specifically designed to capture phase properties across a wide range of conditions. The framework is uniquely appealing due to its ease of automation, its suitability for iterative learning, and its independence from prior knowledge of stable phases, avoiding bias towards pre-existing structural data. The approach uses Nested Sampling (NS) to explore the configuration space and generate thermodynamically relevant configurations, forming the database which undergoes ab initio Density Functional Theory (DFT) evaluation. We use the Atomic Cluster Expansion (ACE) architecture to fit a model on the resulting database. To demonstrate the efficiency of the framework, we apply it to magnesium, developing a model capable of accurately describing behaviour across pressure and temperature ranges of 0–600 GPa and 0–8000 K, respectively. We benchmark the model’s performance by calculating phonon spectra and elastic constants, as well as the pressure-temperature phase diagram within this region. The results showcase the power of the framework to produce robust MLIPs while maintaining transferability and generality, for reduced computational cost. UK Ministry of Defence ©Crown Owned Copyright 2025/AWE