# Emergency Department Visit-Severity Algorithm for Immediate Care Clinic Visits

## TL;DR

This study shows that immediate care clinics mostly handle non-emergent cases, helping reduce emergency department crowding and improving care continuity.

## Contribution

The study applies the Billings/Ballard severity algorithm to ICC visits, revealing their distinct role compared to EDs and highlighting disparities in care access.

## Key findings

- 81.25% of ICC visits were non-emergent, much higher than the 45.08% in EDs.
- 47% of ICC patients had repeat visits, and 41% followed up with primary care physicians.
- Uninsured and publicly insured patients more frequently presented with emergent conditions compared to privately insured patients.

## Abstract

Immediate care clinics (ICC) account for a significant portion of acute, low-severity visits that preclude the use of resources from an emergency department (ED). Given the chronic issue of ED crowding and its detrimental effects on quality of care and health system efficiency, understanding and optimizing the use of ICCs for non-emergent visits could significantly alleviate pressures faced by EDs and improve patient satisfaction, as well as control the overall cost of care. This study describes the application of the Billings/Ballard severity algorithm to ICC visits over a seven-year period and compares the findings to previously published ED literature.

We obtained data from ICC visits within a large, academic health system. The analytical sample included 306,395 visits from 125,063 unique patients. We describe ICC patient characteristics and the Billings/Ballard severity classification. We used negative binomial regression analysis to evaluate the associations between patient characteristics and total visits to ICCs and primary care physician (PCP), and multivariate regression analysis to assess the relationship between ICC visit severity and patient characteristics, controlling for multiple visits per patient. The algorithm was also used to identify and classify the most common International Classification of Diseases, 9th and 10th modifications (ICD-9/10) diagnosis codes by severity.

In total, 9.17% of ICC visits were classified as emergent, 81.25% as non-emergent, 0.79% as indeterminate, and 8.79% as unclassified, compared to literature-reported ED distributions of 37.90% emergent, 45.08% non-emergent, 11.32% indeterminate, and 5.70% unclassified. The ICC visits included a greater proportion of non-emergent presentations. The ICD-9/10 diagnosis distribution revealed a distinct ICC environment compared with that of the ED. The most frequent diagnoses among emergent ICC visits included chest pain, asthma exacerbation, and shortness of breath, while non-emergent visits were predominantly for upper respiratory tract infections. Within one year at the same healthcare system, 47% of patients had repeat ICC visits and 41% had primary care follow-up.

These results demonstrate that immediate care clinics deliver predominantly non-emergent care as intended (81% vs 45% in the ED), potentially reducing ED crowding and validating current clinician- and patient-initiated referral practices. High rates of repeat ICC visits (47%) and follow-up with primary care physicians (41%) within the same healthcare system suggest these facilities foster care continuity while providing accessible, non-emergent care alternatives. However, user disparities persist as self-pay and uninsured patients show lower overall ICC use, while uninsured and publicly insured individuals present with emergent conditions more frequently than privately insured patients. These findings inform care-seeking education and health service delivery while highlighting the need to improve ICC accessibility across insurance types to optimize efficiency and patient outcomes.