# Individual-level determinants of late-stage cervical cancer diagnosis and their implications for prevention and control

## TL;DR

This study finds that many women in Nigeria are diagnosed with late-stage cervical cancer, especially those with low education and postmenopausal women, highlighting the need for better screening and awareness.

## Contribution

The study identifies individual-level factors associated with late-stage cervical cancer diagnosis in Nigeria, offering insights for targeted prevention strategies.

## Key findings

- 73.7% of women diagnosed with cervical cancer were aged 50 or older.
- 56.1% of cases presented with late-stage disease.
- Women with no formal education had higher odds of late-stage diagnosis.

## Abstract

Cervical cancer remains a significant public health issue, particularly in low-income countries. It is the fourth most common cancer among women globally, with an estimated 570,000 new cases and 311,000 deaths in 2018.

This study aimed to examine the stages of cervical cancer at diagnosis and identify factors contributing to late-stage presentation among women in a tertiary care hospital in Nigeria.

A retrospective study analysed data from women diagnosed with cervical cancer between 2017 and 2021. Demographic, reproductive and clinical data were extracted from medical records.

Of the 102 women who presented during the study period, only 57 (55.9%) had complete staging, clinical and demographic data; these complete cases were included to ensure data integrity. From this population, 73.7% were aged 50 years or older and 56.1% presented with late-stage disease. Additionally, anaemia (packed cell volume <30%) was present in 75.4% of women. Postcoital bleeding was reported in 35.1% of cases. Women with no formal education had higher odds of late-stage diagnosis odds ratios (OR: 4.40, 95% CI: 1.08–17.82). Postmenopausal women also had higher odds of late-stage diagnosis (OR: 4.46, 95% CI: 1.27–15.70).

A late-stage cervical cancer diagnosis is prevalent among women in Nigeria, particularly among those with lower educational levels and postmenopausal women. Targeted awareness programmes, expanded screening (including integration into well-woman/postmenopausal care) and improved healthcare infrastructure, including consistent documentation of screening history and human papillomavirus vaccination, are essential for reducing the burden of cervical cancer in this context.