# Measuring the Subjective Signal Strength: Validating Persian Vividness of Visual Mental Imagery Questionnaire‐2

## TL;DR

Researchers validated a Persian version of a questionnaire measuring how vivid people's visual mental imagery is, which can help in understanding reality monitoring and support cross-cultural studies.

## Contribution

The Persian Vividness of Visual Mental Imagery Questionnaire-2 (VVIQ-Pr2) was validated for reliability and unidimensional structure in Persian-speaking populations.

## Key findings

- The VVIQ-Pr2 showed strong internal consistency and convergent validity with motor imagery and imagery use scales.
- The questionnaire demonstrated scalar measurement invariance across genders, with females scoring slightly higher.
- Age analysis revealed a decline in imagery vividness from adolescence to early adulthood, followed by stability.

## Abstract

Although visual mental imagery has been widely researched, a lack of valid measures in Persian‐speaking populations has limited cross‐cultural, developmental, and clinical research on imagery vividness and its role in reality monitoring.

We translated, culturally adapted, and psychometrically validated the Persian version of the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire‐2 (VVIQ‐Pr2) in this cross‐sectional study. Our sample was 630 Persian speakers. Participants completed the VVIQ‐Pr2 together with the Vividness of Motor Imagery Questionnaire (VMIQ‐2), the Spontaneous Use of Imagery Scale (SUIS), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder‐7 (GAD‐7), and the Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI). Confirmatory factor analysis and multi‐group modeling were also conducted.

Confirmatory factor analysis supported a unidimensional structure with correlated residuals demonstrating excellent model fit. The scale showed strong internal consistency. Convergent validity was confirmed by positive correlations with VMIQ‐2 and SUIS, while discriminant validity was supported by negligible associations with anxiety and all Heterotrait–Monotrait ratios falling below recommended thresholds. Scalar measurement invariance across gender was established with females scoring slightly higher than males. Finally, age modeling revealed a slight decrease in the vividness of imagery from adolescence to early adulthood, followed by relative stability after that.

The VVIQ‐Pr2 is a psychometrically reliable assessment tool for Persian speakers. In addition to operationalizing subjective visual experience in theories on reality monitoring, it may facilitate future cross‐cultural and developmental research.

We validated the Persian Vividness of Visual Mental Imagery Questionnaire‐2 (VVIQ‐Pr2) in 630 participants, demonstrating its reliability, unidimensional structure, and convergent validity. The VVIQ‐Pr2 provides a robust measure of subjective imagery vividness, supporting cross‐cultural research and theories of perceptual reality monitoring.