# In-Ovo Imaging with Ostrich Eggs: Eggshell Attenuation in CT and Limitations of Organ Dosimetry

## TL;DR

This study examines how ostrich eggshells affect CT imaging and radiation dose in preclinical nuclear medicine research.

## Contribution

The study introduces a 3D-printed phantom and quantifies eggshell attenuation effects in ostrich eggs for dosimetry.

## Key findings

- The ostrich eggshell reduces absorbed dose by 16.3 ± 2.0% due to radiation attenuation.
- CTDI values remain consistent across developmental stages in ostrich eggs.
- Organ weight data can support AI-based dosimetry modeling for improved accuracy.

## Abstract

Ostrich eggs have recently attracted interest as an alternative model in preclinical nuclear medicine imaging. The ability to be used in clinical PET/CT (positron emission tomography/computed tomography) systems and their ethical profile are advantageous over conventional rodent models and other avian systems. Nevertheless, concerns regarding radiation exposure during repeated CT (computed tomography) imaging of developing embryos remain inadequately addressed. This study aimed to characterize the attenuation impact of eggshells in ostrich eggs and to evaluate the potential for organ-specific dose assessment. A representative ostrich egg was selected from a cohort of 168 eggs and used to construct a dimensionally matched 3D-printed phantom. Organ weights of 83 embryos were documented on development day (DD) 37 to provide a basis for future organ-level dosimetric modeling. Thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLDs) were positioned along the z-axis within both the egg and phantom, and CT dose distributions were measured using a clinical PET/CT system. The mean absorbed dose in the real egg was 16.3 ± 2.0% lower than in the phantom, attributable to radiation attenuation by the 1.89 ± 0.12 mm thick eggshell. CTDI (computed tomography dose index) values remained stable across developmental stages (DD 0–37). Our findings confirm that the ostrich eggshell exerts a significant shielding effect during CT imaging. While ostrich eggs are suitable for serial in-ovo imaging, embryo positioning remains a major limitation for precise dosimetry. Organ weight data enable potential use of AI (artificial intelligence)-based modeling to improve spatial dosimetry accuracy. This study provides essential groundwork for dose optimization and radioprotection in preclinical imaging protocols using ostrich eggs.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11307-025-02065-6.