# First simultaneous identification of Moraxella bovoculi and Moraxella bovis in one-humped camel (Camelus dromedaries) in the Sahara Desert

## TL;DR

This study reports the first case of two Moraxella species causing eye infections in camels in the Sahara, highlighting the need for better disease monitoring in refugee areas.

## Contribution

First simultaneous detection of Moraxella bovoculi and Moraxella bovis in dromedary camels in the Sahara.

## Key findings

- Moraxella bovoculi and Moraxella bovis were detected in camels with ocular lesions.
- Treatment with oxytetracycline led to clinical recovery in all affected camels.
- Other pathogens were not detected, suggesting Moraxella spp. as primary causes.

## Abstract

This study describes the first simultaneous identification of Moraxella bovoculi and Moraxella bovis in dromedary camels from the Sahrawi refugee camps in Tindouf, Algeria. Four lactating camels showing ocular lesions including conjunctival hyperemia, lacrimation, keratoconjunctivitis, and inflammation of the third eyelid were examined. Ocular swabs were collected and analyzed using real-time PCR for major bacterial and viral ocular pathogens. Only M. bovoculi (Cq 27) and M. bovis (Cq 36) were detected, while all other agents tested negative. Clinical recovery was achieved in all animals after topical treatment with oxytetracycline. The findings suggest a possible polymicrobial etiology, as has been described in cattle, and highlight the susceptibility of camels to pathogens traditionally associated with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. The absence of other pathogens reinforces the role of Moraxella spp. as primary etiological agents in these cases. This report provides new insights into camel ocular health and emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and treatment under field conditions. Moreover, it underscores the need to strengthen disease surveillance and preventive strategies in humanitarian contexts, where camel health is closely linked to the food security and livelihoods of displaced populations.