Rural-Urban migration of children and the older population: identifying challenges and adaptive strategies in Iran with a qualitative study

TL;DR

This study explores how rural-urban migration of children in Iran affects the health and well-being of older adults and identifies their adaptive strategies.

Contribution

The study provides new qualitative insights into the health and social impacts of youth migration on rural older populations in Iran.

Findings

Older adults face physical, psychological, and social health challenges due to children's migration.

Adaptive strategies include using technology, redefining social roles, and engaging in local cultural practices.

There is a need for multilevel support programs to address the health burden on aging rural populations.

Abstract

The phenomenon of population aging and the migration of young people from rural to urban areas, particularly in Iran’s rural regions, has led to a higher growth rate of aging populations. This qualitative study aimed to investigate the effects of children’s migration on the physical, mental, and social health of older adults in Kerman province and to identify their spontaneous adaptive strategies.

This study utilized a qualitative approach with thematic analysis as the method. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 24 older individuals aged 65 and older who reside in villages in Kerman province. The sampling method was purposive and aimed for maximum diversity, and continued until data saturation was reached. The interviews were conducted over eight months. The validity of the findings was ensured by adhering to the four criteria established by Lincoln and Guba.

Multifaceted Health Burden, The Collapse of the Multigenerational Support System, The Invisible Emotional Economy, Technology: Temporary Sedative, Cycles of Identity are the primary reconstructions that emerged from the analyses. The findings revealed health challenges in three main areas. Physical Challenges: These included exacerbation of chronic pain, limited mobility, and sleep disorders. Psychological Consequences: Older individuals experienced significant loneliness, anxiety, and reduced self-esteem. Social Support: There was a decline in social support, characterized by the breakdown of multigenerational support systems, gaps in intergenerational caregiving knowledge, and a shift towards one-way communication in relationships.

On the other hand, older people employed various adaptive strategies, such as using technology for virtual communication, redefining social roles, and engaging in local solutions. These included active participation in religious rituals, strengthening local networks, and revitalizing cultural traditions in the absence of their children.

The migration of children significantly disrupts traditional support structures for older adults in Iranian families, resulting in a multifaceted health burden for this group. While the adaptive strategies rooted in local culture provide some psychological relief, there is an urgent need to design multilevel support programs. These programs should focus on strengthening local institutions—such as mosques as support centers—developing mobile health services, and integrating national policies with local models. The findings of this study lay the groundwork for policymaking aligned with the World Health Organization’s “Decade of Healthy Aging” goals.