# Health effects of intermittent fasting and the role of artificial intelligence technologies in optimizing its clinical translation

**Authors:** Chenghao Zhang, Lijun Chang, Yanqiu Huang, Yadan Xu, Wen Gu, Yang Yang, Hui Wang

PMC · DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2025061 · AIMS Public Health · 2025-12-18

## TL;DR

This paper reviews how intermittent fasting can improve health and how AI can help understand and optimize its benefits for disease prevention.

## Contribution

The paper introduces how AI technologies can be used to uncover the mechanisms of intermittent fasting in preventing chronic diseases.

## Key findings

- AI can integrate omics datasets to reveal how intermittent fasting prevents chronic diseases.
- AI helps analyze IF's effects on metabolism, stress responses, and immune systems.
- AI supports the development of personalized dietary strategies based on intermittent fasting.

## Abstract

As a non-pharmacological approach, Intermittent Fasting (IF) exhibits the capacity to boost health and counteract chronic diseases by regulating the metabolism, strengthening the cellular resistance to stress, and reshaping the immune microenvironment. The rapid progress of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies has greatly advanced our comprehension of IF's diverse health benefits. This review outlines AI's role in enhancing the exploration of IF's function in governing systemic health, clarifies the association between IF and health outcomes, and specifies AI's function in analyzing IF's impacts, which cover metabolic processes, cellular stress responses, disease prevention, and the development of personalized dietary strategies. By leveraging AI to integrate various omics datasets, the mechanisms through which IF prevents chronic diseases can be uncovered. This review discusses the challenges that AI faces in researching diet-related health mechanisms and presents an outlook on future developments. AI offers innovative methods to investigate IF's effects on chronic disease prevention, which could lay the foundation for more efficient strategies to support healthier and longer lifespans.

## Full-text entities

- **Genes:** Pphln1 (periphilin 1) [NCBI Gene 223828] {aka CR, HSPC206, HSPC232}, Ppara (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha) [NCBI Gene 19013] {aka 4933429D07Rik, Nr1c1, PPAR-alpha, PPARalpha, Ppar}, Bmal1 (basic helix-loop-helix ARNT like 1) [NCBI Gene 11865] {aka Arnt3, Arntl, BMAL1b, MOP3, bHLHe5, bmal1b'}, Stra6 (stimulated by retinoic acid gene 6) [NCBI Gene 20897], Skp2 (S-phase kinase-associated protein 2) [NCBI Gene 27401] {aka 4930500A04Rik, FBXL1, FWD1, p45}, Akt1 (Akt serine/threonine kinase 1) [NCBI Gene 11651] {aka Akt, LTR-akt, PKB, PKB/Akt, PKBalpha, Rac}, Mc4r (melanocortin 4 receptor) [NCBI Gene 17202] {aka Mc4-r, Pkcp}, TRE-TTC3-1 (tRNA-Glu (anticodon TTC) 3-1) [NCBI Gene 7193] {aka TRE, TRNAE1, TRNE}, TTR (transthyretin) [NCBI Gene 7276] {aka AMYLD1, ATTR, CTS, CTS1, HEL111, HsT2651}, Usp18 (ubiquitin specific peptidase 18) [NCBI Gene 24110] {aka 1110058H21Rik, UBP43, Ubp15}, Tlr2 (toll-like receptor 2) [NCBI Gene 24088] {aka Ly105}, SLC16A7 (solute carrier family 16 member 7) [NCBI Gene 9194] {aka MCT2}, Bmi1 (Bmi1 proto-oncogene, polycomb ring finger) [NCBI Gene 12151] {aka Bmi-1, Pcgf4}, Tnf (tumor necrosis factor) [NCBI Gene 21926] {aka DIF, TNF-a, TNF-alpha, TNFSF2, TNFalpha, Tnfa}, Clock (clock circadian regulator) [NCBI Gene 12753] {aka 5330400M04Rik, KAT13D}, Igf1 (insulin-like growth factor 1) [NCBI Gene 16000] {aka C730016P09Rik, Igf-1, Igf-I}, Ctnnb1 (catenin beta 1) [NCBI Gene 12387] {aka Bfc, Catnb, Mesc}, Nr4a1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group A, member 1) [NCBI Gene 15370] {aka GFRP1, Gfrp, Hbr-1, Hbr1, Hmr, N10}, Nfatc1 (nuclear factor of activated T cells, cytoplasmic, calcineurin dependent 1) [NCBI Gene 18018] {aka 2210017P03Rik, NF-ATc, NFAT2, NFATc, Nfatcb}, Egr1 (early growth response 1) [NCBI Gene 13653] {aka A530045N19Rik, ETR103, Egr-1, Krox-1, Krox-24, Krox24}, Snca (synuclein, alpha) [NCBI Gene 20617] {aka NACP, alpha-Syn, alphaSYN}, Sirt1 (sirtuin 1) [NCBI Gene 93759] {aka SIR2L1, Sir2, Sir2a, Sir2alpha}, Nr1h4 (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 4) [NCBI Gene 20186] {aka Fxr, HRR1, RIP14, Rxrip14}, Bdnf (brain derived neurotrophic factor) [NCBI Gene 12064], Il6 (interleukin 6) [NCBI Gene 16193] {aka Il-6}, Lep (leptin) [NCBI Gene 16846] {aka ob, obese}, Gcg (glucagon) [NCBI Gene 14526] {aka GLP-1, Glu, PPG}, APOE (apolipoprotein E) [NCBI Gene 348] {aka AD2, APO-E, ApoE4, LDLCQ5, LPG}, SNCA (synuclein alpha) [NCBI Gene 6622] {aka NACP, PARK1, PARK4, PD1}, Mag (myelin-associated glycoprotein) [NCBI Gene 17136] {aka Gma, siglec-4a}, Map1lc3b (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta) [NCBI Gene 67443] {aka 1010001C15Rik, Atg8, LC3b, MAP1A/MAP1B, Map1lc3}, INS (insulin) [NCBI Gene 3630] {aka IDDM, IDDM1, IDDM2, ILPR, IRDN, MODY10}, Mtor (mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase) [NCBI Gene 56717] {aka 2610315D21Rik, FRAP, FRAP2, Frap1, RAFT1, RAPT1}, Pten (phosphatase and tensin homolog) [NCBI Gene 19211] {aka 2310035O07Rik, A130070J02Rik, B430203M17Rik, MMAC1, PTENbeta, TEP1}, Crp (C-reactive protein, pentraxin-related) [NCBI Gene 12944], Npy (neuropeptide Y) [NCBI Gene 109648] {aka 0710005A05Rik}, Hmox1 (heme oxygenase 1) [NCBI Gene 15368] {aka D8Wsu38e, HO-1, HO1, Hemox, Hmox, Hsp32}, Nr3c1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1) [NCBI Gene 14815] {aka GR, Grl-1, Grl1}, Atg5 (autophagy related 5) [NCBI Gene 11793] {aka 2010107M05Rik, 3110067M24Rik, Apg5l, Atg5l, Paddy}, Pck1 (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1, cytosolic) [NCBI Gene 18534] {aka PEPCK, PEPCK-C, Pck-1}, Lamp2 (lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2) [NCBI Gene 16784] {aka CD107b, LGP-B, Lamp II, Lamp-2, Lamp-2a, Lamp-2b}, Eif5a (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A) [NCBI Gene 276770] {aka D19Wsu54e, Eif4d, Eif5a1, eIF-4D, eIF-5A, eIF-5A-1}, Pparg (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma) [NCBI Gene 19016] {aka Nr1c3, PPAR-gamma, PPAR-gamma2, PPARgamma, PPARgamma2}
- **Diseases:** cognitive decline (MESH:D003072), memory impairment (MESH:D008569), Chronic Diseases (MESH:D002908), lean mass loss (MESH:D013851), Type 2 Diabetes (MESH:D003924), irritable bowel syndrome (MESH:D043183), depressive (MESH:D003866), breast cancer (MESH:D001943), bipolar disorder (MESH:D001714), amyloid (MESH:C000718787), coronary artery disease (MESH:D003324), cardiovascular disease (MESH:D002318), ADF (MESH:D007003), ischemic stroke (MESH:D002544), colitis (MESH:D003092), immune dysfunction (MESH:D007154), weight loss (MESH:D015431), Insulin Resistance (MESH:D007333), rheumatoid arthritis (MESH:D001172), deaths (MESH:D003643), RH (MESH:D006973), atherosclerosis (MESH:D050197), CRC (MESH:D015179), metabolic disease (MESH:D008659), fat loss (MESH:D004620), blood pressure reduction (MESH:D007022), spinal cord injury (MESH:D013119), non-small cell lung cancer (MESH:D002289), neurofibrillary tangles (MESH:D055956), AI (MESH:C538142), white matter abnormalities (MESH:D056784), MASH (MESH:D005234), NASH (MESH:D005235), obese (MESH:D009765), DL (MESH:D007859), Chronic non-communicable diseases (MESH:D000073296), overweight (MESH:D050177), NAFLD (MESH:D065626), AD (MESH:D000544), cancer (MESH:D009369), diabetes (MESH:D003920), anxiety (MESH:D001007), atrophy (MESH:D001284), neuroinflammation (MESH:D000090862), inflammation (MESH:D007249), liver disease (MESH:D008107), sarcopenia (MESH:D055948), neurodegeneration (MESH:D019636), melanoma (MESH:D008545), fibrosis (MESH:D005355), PD (MESH:D010300)
- **Chemicals:** tryptophan (MESH:D014364), eugenol (MESH:D005054), serotonin (MESH:D012701), glucose (MESH:D005947), reactive oxygen species (MESH:D017382), SCFA (MESH:D005232), LPS (MESH:D008070), carbohydrates (MESH:D002241), L-arginine (MESH:D001120), ADF (-), bile acid (MESH:D001647), PUFA (MESH:D005231), methyleugenol (MESH:C005223), norepinephrine (MESH:D009638), fulvestrant (MESH:D000077267), cholesterol (MESH:D002784), ketone body (MESH:D007657), blood glucose (MESH:D001786), water (MESH:D014867), spermine (MESH:D013096), tamoxifen (MESH:D013629), ketone (MESH:D007659), triglyceride (MESH:D014280), carbon (MESH:D002244), fat (MESH:D005223), beta-hydroxybutyrate (MESH:D020155), TMAO (MESH:C005855), 3-indolepropionic acid (MESH:C095446)
- **Species:** gut metagenome (species) [taxon 749906], Alistipes finegoldii (species) [taxon 214856], Bifidobacterium pseudolongum (species) [taxon 1694], Rattus norvegicus (brown rat, species) [taxon 10116], Homo sapiens (human, species) [taxon 9606], Adlercreutzia equolifaciens (species) [taxon 446660], Akkermansia muciniphila (species) [taxon 239935], Mus musculus (house mouse, species) [taxon 10090], Lactobacillus (genus) [taxon 1578], fungal sp. M-D (species) [taxon 1074441]

## Full text

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## Figures

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## References

121 references — full list in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12795775/full.md

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Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12795775