# An integrative methodology to estimate high-resolution carbon stock and fluxes: a case study in the old-growth forests of the Chilean Patagonia

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a new method to measure carbon stocks and fluxes in forests using a mix of ground and remote data, applied to old-growth forests in Chilean Patagonia.

## Contribution

The novelty lies in integrating eddy covariance, remote sensing, and modeling for high-resolution, scalable carbon monitoring.

## Key findings

- The methodology provides 30 m resolution estimates of aboveground biomass carbon density.
- Net ecosystem exchange is measured at 30 m spatial and 30 min temporal resolution.
- The approach reduces uncertainty compared to traditional inventory methods.

## Abstract

High-integrity carbon offset systems require scientifically robust and spatially explicit frameworks to quantify carbon pools and fluxes across ecosystems. We present an integrative methodology that combines eddy covariance measurements, airborne and satellite remote sensing, and modeling to extrapolate near real-time carbon flux monitoring to larger areas, using the old-growth temperate forests of Chilean Patagonia as a case study. Our approach delivers high-resolution aboveground biomass carbon density (30 m) and net ecosystem exchange (NEE, 30 m—30 min) estimates using flux tower data. By integrating ground-based flux measurements with high-resolution remote sensing, the proposed methodology constrains model parameters and spatial extrapolation, thereby reducing uncertainty relative to conventional inventory-based approaches. Our approach offers a replicable framework for informing climate policy, conservation planning, and emerging nature-based finance instruments while meeting operational needs in terms of scalability, technological integration, reproducibility, and traceability.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13021-025-00381-6.