# Theory of Peaceful End of Life: Analysis and Evaluation Using the Whall Framework

## TL;DR

This paper evaluates the 'peaceful end of life' theory in nursing, finding it useful for palliative care but needing refinement for better application.

## Contribution

This is the first formal critique of the theory using Whall's framework for middle-range theories.

## Key findings

- The theory provides a clear framework for the dying process and aligns with nursing principles.
- Knowledge gaps were identified that require further refinement for optimal use.
- The theory is applicable in palliative and end-of-life care but needs more empirical validation.

## Abstract

This study aims to analyse and evaluate the theory of peaceful end of life to determine its relevance and applicability in nursing research, education and practice, particularly in the areas of palliative care and end‐of‐life care.

We conducted a theoretical‐reflexive study using specific criteria for analysing and evaluating middle‐range theories as proposed by Ann Whall (2005).

The theory clearly outlines the dying and death process, connecting key concepts and essential statements that support a peaceful end of life. It also implicitly incorporates elements of the nursing metaparadigm. Additionally, the theory demonstrates adequate internal consistency and empirical adequacy.

While the theory offers valuable guidance for nursing research, education and practice in palliative and end‐of‐life care, several information gaps were identified that require refinement for its optimal application. Further studies incorporating all the theory's concepts and statements are needed to confirm its testability, empirical validity and potential need for modifications.

The theory of peaceful end of life has been widely applied in nursing, especially in the context of palliative care, in recent years. However, no previous critiques of the theory have employed a specific evaluation framework for middle‐range theories. This study presents the first formal critique using an appropriate evaluation framework. The findings could help nurses apply this theory more effectively in the care of patients at the end of life.

No patient or public contribution was involved in this study.

Importance of evaluating nursing theories for research, education and practice.The theory of peaceful end of life can be widely applied in palliative and end‐of‐life care.Refinement is needed to address the identified knowledge gaps in the theory.

Importance of evaluating nursing theories for research, education and practice.

The theory of peaceful end of life can be widely applied in palliative and end‐of‐life care.

Refinement is needed to address the identified knowledge gaps in the theory.