# Student Socioeconomic Status and Teacher‐Student Perceptual Discrepancies of School Effort and Enjoyment

## TL;DR

This study finds that teachers perceive low-income students as less motivated and enjoying school less than the students report, and this gap remains even when accounting for student visibility factors.

## Contribution

The study introduces a novel approach to understanding how socioeconomic status influences teacher-student perceptual discrepancies in school effort and enjoyment.

## Key findings

- Teachers rate low SES students' effort and enjoyment more negatively than students report.
- Perceptual discrepancies persist even after accounting for student visibility factors like prior ability and behavior.
- SES differences are linked to teacher-student perception gaps in academic attitudes.

## Abstract

Congruence between teacher and student perceptions of student academic attitudes reflects positive teacher‐student relationships and enables teachers to adjust to students' needs. This study investigates discrepancies between teacher and student perceptions of student's school enjoyment and effort, and whether these discrepancies are associated with student SES. It also tests one mechanism—student visibility—that may be driving the association with student SES. We draw on representative survey data on children at the end of primary school in England and Scotland and use a residual method to compute perceptual discrepancies. We find that teachers significantly rate the effort and enjoyment of low SES students more negatively and the same attitudes for high SES students more positively compared to what the students' own reports would suggest. The association between SES and teacher‐student perceptual discrepancies remains significant even when SES‐differences in student visibility, captured through student prior ability and behaviour, are considered.