P-475. Risk Factors for Nosocomial Infection (NI) in Pediatric ECMO Patients at a Tertiary Health Care Center: A 15-year Retrospective Review

TL;DR

This study identifies risk factors for hospital-acquired infections in children on ECMO, finding that certain conditions and antibiotic use significantly increase infection risk.

Contribution

The study introduces a multivariate model linking congenital diaphragmatic hernia and antimicrobial exposure to higher ECMO-related infection risk in pediatric patients.

Findings

Patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) had over 11 times higher odds of developing nosocomial infections.

Exposure to broad-spectrum antimicrobials for community- and hospital-acquired infections significantly increased infection risk.

The study highlights the need for improved infection control protocols in pediatric ECMO care.

Abstract

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been shown to reduce mortality in critically ill pediatric patients but carries a high risk for significant complications, including infection. This study reviews 15 years of ECMO data to identify risk factors for nosocomial infection.Table 1Descriptive Analysis of Patient DemographicsTable 2Univariate and multivariate logistic regression to predict Peri-ECMO nosocomial infection in pediatric ECMO patients without infection (n=176)

Descriptive Analysis of Patient Demographics

Univariate and multivariate logistic regression to predict Peri-ECMO nosocomial infection in pediatric ECMO patients without infection (n=176)

Retrospective chart review of pediatric patients on ECMO admitted to a single tertiary care hospital was conducted. ECMO-related nosocomial infections (NI) were defined as a positive viral, bacterial, or fungal pathogen detected from any source between 48-hours post cannulation and 24-hours post decannulation, as an adaptation of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) NI infection criteria. Antimicrobials were categorized by the National Healthcare Safety Network criteria. Logistic regression assessed associations between risk factors and NI. Indications for ECMO cannulation were meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS), respiratory distress syndrome/persistent pulmonary hypertension, congenital heart disease (CHD), and congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH).

Of 176 ECMO patients canulated for noninfectious causes, 20 met criteria for NI (11.3%). A multivariate logistic model showed increased odds for NI among patients with CDH (OR=12.4 (95% CI 2.4-62.2) p=0.002) compared to those cannulated for MAS. Exposure to broad spectrum antimicrobials for community-acquired infections (OR=13.7 (95% CI 2.96-64.2) p ≤0.001) and exposure to broad-spectrum antimicrobials for hospital-acquired infections (OR=10.1 95% CI 2.3-43.6) p ≤0.001) were significantly associated with development of NI related to ECMO.

CDH-related ECMO cannulation carries over 11 times higher odds of developing NI in the multivariate model. There are currently not well established ECMO-directed infection control protocols in pediatrics. Early CDH identification should trigger tighter line-care infection control bundles, focused surveillance cultures, and diagnosis-guided antibiotic plans while helping teams set realistic expectations for families. These data support multicenter validation and refinement of ECMO practices to reduce infection burden and improve survival in this high-risk group.

All Authors: No reported disclosures

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