P-548. Detection of Recombinant Parechovirus-A5 in Neonatal Sepsis-like Illness and its Community Circulation Confirmed by Wastewater Surveillance

TL;DR

A recombinant Parechovirus-A5 caused a neonatal sepsis-like illness and was later detected in wastewater, showing community spread.

Contribution

First detection of recombinant PeV-A5 in neonatal sepsis and its community circulation via wastewater surveillance.

Findings

A neonate in Japan was infected with recombinant PeV-A5, causing sepsis-like illness.

PeV-A5 was detected in wastewater, confirming community circulation.

The recombinant virus had PeV-A5 structural genes and PeV-A3 non-structural genes.

Abstract

Parechovirus-A (PeV-A) causes a wide clinical manifestation ranging from asymptomatic infection to severe diseases. Among 19 types, PeV-A type 3 (PeV-A3) causes sepsis and encephalitis in young infants. In contrast, PeV-A5 mainly causes gastrointestinal infections and is rarely implicated in severe diseases in such population. Severe diseases by PeV-A5 were reported in Italy, Australia, and Canada in 2018 and 2019. In Japan, 7 infants and children with fever and/or rash were reported in 2018. Following the COVID-19 pandemic, wastewater surveillance has emerged as a valuable tool for detecting community virus circulation independent of clinical case ascertainment. PeV-A5 has been infrequently detected in wastewater globally, different from frequent detection of PeV-A1 and A3, leaving its community circulation poorly characterized.

This is a prospective observational study to identify viruses by collecting serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from febrile infants < 4 months in Niigata, Japan. Simultaneously, we have conducted wastewater surveillance collecting weekly samples from two wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in Niigata City, Japan. Samples were tested for PeV-A using real-time PCR; positive samples underwent genotyping via Sanger sequencing. The whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on the PeV-A isolates from the patient.

Of 33 patients tested in 2024, a single (3.0%) neonate was positive for PeV-A from serum and CSF samples in September. The isolate was genotyped as PeV-A5. The patient resided in a city located to the northeast of Niigata City. Subsequently, PeV-A5 was detected in wastewater samples starting October 2024 from a WWTP serving an area adjacent to the patient's city of residence, and later (November-December 2024) from the other WWTP in Niigata City. WGS analysis of the clinical isolate revealed it to be a recombinant virus, possessing PeV-A5 structural genes and PeV-A3 non-structural genes.

Our findings suggested that a recombinant PeV-A5, potentially acquiring virulence through recombination with PeV-A3, caused sepsis-like illness in a neonate and circulated within the community. Wastewater surveillance provided evidence for the community spread of this virus.

Masaaki Kitajima, Dr.Eng., AdvanSentinel Inc.: Grant/Research Support|Shimadzu Corporation: Grant/Research Support|Shionogi & Co., Ltd.: Grant/Research Support|Shionogi & Co., Ltd.: Receive patent royalties .

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