P-480. Oral vancomycin prophylaxis to prevent recurrence of Clostridioides difficile infection in children with cancer

TL;DR

This study examines whether oral vancomycin prophylaxis reduces recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection in children with cancer, but preliminary results show no significant benefit.

Contribution

The study is one of the first to evaluate oral vancomycin prophylaxis for preventing recurrent CDI in pediatric cancer patients.

Findings

Recurrent CDI was common in children with cancer, with 28.39% experiencing a recurrence.

Preliminary analysis found no significant association between oral vancomycin prophylaxis and reduced recurrence during antibiotic use.

Vancomycin taper was the most common treatment for recurrent CDI episodes.

Abstract

Recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a significant burden for children with cancer. Studies in adults reported that oral vancomycin prophylaxis (OVP) decreased risk of recurrent CDI (rCDI); pediatric data is limited. We evaluated the impact of secondary OVP during broad-spectrum antibiotic (BSA) administration on rCDI in children with cancer.Table 1Demographic and clinical information for the cohortTable 2Impact of oral vancomycin prophylaxis on recurrence of C. difficile colitis during broad spectrum antibiotic use

Demographic and clinical information for the cohort

Impact of oral vancomycin prophylaxis on recurrence of C. difficile colitis during broad spectrum antibiotic use

This was a retrospective study of children with cancer and their first CDI episode. Data related to CDI episodes were collected, including use of OVP during subsequent courses of BSA. The incidence of rCDI within 6 months of first CDI was calculated.

Propensity score (PS) analyses were performed to determine the impact of OVP in preventing rCDI. Cases were matched to controls using a combination of caliper matching on PS and exact matching. For patients with multiple episodes of BSA use, the “no prophylaxis” episodes served as the control for OVP episodes. Patients who only received OVP were matched to control patients who did not receive OVP. A weighted logistic regression model was used for the outcome analysis.

A total of 163 children with CDI were included; the cohort was predominately White and male (Table 1). Severe CDI occurred in 16/163 (9.82%) of episodes, while severe complicated CDI occurred in 19/163 (12.03%). The most common treatment regimen for first CDI episodes was oral vancomycin (102/163, 62.58%), followed by metronidazole (19/163, 11.66%). Excluding patients lost to follow-up, 44/155 (28.39%) of children had rCDI. Severe CDI occurred in 1/44 (2.27%) of rCDI episodes, while severe complicated CDI occurred in 6/44 (13.64%). A vancomycin taper was the most common treatment for rCDI (17/44, 38.64%) followed by fidaxomicin 11/44 (25%). The PS analysis was performed on a subset of patients (n=60). Outcome analysis on the matched data did not show significant association between OVP and reduced incidence of rCDI during BSA use (Table 2).

In this retrospective cohort study of pediatric oncology patients with their first CDI episode, rCDI was common. Preliminary PS analyses suggest that use of OVP during episodes of BSA was not associated with reduction in rCDI, though updated analyses are pending.

Grant C. Paulsen, MD, Moderna, Inc: Grant/Research Support|Pfizer: Grant/Research Support|Sanofi: Grant/Research Support Lara A. Danziger-Isakov, MD, MPH, Aicuris: Grant/Research Support|Ansun BioPharma: Grant/Research Support|Astellas: Advisor/Consultant|Astellas: Grant/Research Support|Merck: Advisor/Consultant|Merck: Grant/Research Support|Pfizer (Any division): Grant/Research Support|Takeda: Grant/Research Support

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