P-462. Temporal Clustering of Mycoplasma pneumoniae–Associated Encephalitis and Stroke in Children: A Multicenter Study During a Post-COVID-19 Epidemic

TL;DR

During a post-COVID-19 Mycoplasma pneumoniae epidemic in South Korea, children with MP infections showed a cluster of central nervous system complications like encephalitis and stroke.

Contribution

This study identifies a temporal clustering of MP-associated CNS complications in children during a post-pandemic epidemic, highlighting distinct clinical and radiological features.

Findings

MP-associated CNS complications in children occurred in 2.2% of MP cases during the 2023–2024 epidemic in South Korea.

Stroke cases showed right middle cerebral artery infarctions, while encephalitis cases had multifocal brain abnormalities.

Neurologic sequelae occurred in 41% of patients, with stroke patients more likely to have long-term effects.

Abstract

Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) commonly causes respiratory infections and CNS complications, including encephalitis and ischemic stroke in children. During a 2023–2024 MP epidemic in South Korea, a temporal increase in pediatric CNS complications was noted.

We conducted a retrospective study of children (≤18 years) hospitalized with MP-associated encephalitis or stroke across three hospitals in South Korea (October 2023–December 2024). MP infection was defined by positive serology and/or PCR. Encephalitis was diagnosed based on acute altered mental status with supportive cerebrospinal fluid, neuroimaging, or EEG findings. Stroke was diagnosed by focal neurologic deficits with corresponding ischemic lesions on neuroimaging.

Seventeen patients (median age 8.8 years [IQR 7.8–11.3]; 53% male) were included, comprising 12 encephalitis and 5 stroke cases. All occurred in 2024, with 94% clustered between June and December, coinciding with a regional MP surge. CNS manifestations occurred in 2.2% (17/775) of children diagnosed with MP infection.

Stroke patients showed focal deficits (100%) and headache (40%), while encephalitis patients exhibited altered mental status (92%) and seizures (33%). The median interval from neurologic symptom onset to hospital visit was longer in stroke cases (8.0 days [IQR 5.3–9.3]) than in encephalitis cases (2.5 days [IQR 2.0–5.3]; p = 0.390).

All stroke patients showed infarctions involving the right middle cerebral artery territory on MRI. Multifocal T2/FLAIR hyperintensities were observed in 58% of encephalitis cases.

Corticosteroids were administered to 2 of 5 stroke and 7 of 12 encephalitis patients; IVIG was used in 4 encephalitis cases. Neurologic sequelae occurred in 41% overall (stroke 60%, encephalitis 33%), and no deaths were reported.

During Korea’s first post-COVID-19 MP epidemic, MP-associated pediatric CNS complications clustered temporally and demonstrated distinct clinical and radiologic profiles. These findings highlight the need for early neurologic assessment in children with MP infection, particularly during epidemic periods.

All Authors: No reported disclosures