688. Acute respiratory illness in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipient's vs immunocompetent children: A multicenter analysis

TL;DR

This study compares respiratory illness outcomes in children who had stem cell transplants with those who are immunocompetent, finding higher hospitalization and mortality rates in transplanted children.

Contribution

The paper provides a multicenter analysis highlighting the increased severity of respiratory illness in pediatric HSCT recipients compared to immunocompetent children.

Findings

HSCT recipients had higher hospitalization rates and longer stays compared to immunocompetent children.

Mortality was significantly higher in HSCT recipients with acute respiratory illness.

HSCT patients showed increased oseltamivir use among influenza-positive cases.

Abstract

Children undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) are at elevated risk for severe acute respiratory infections (ARI). We compared clinical outcomes between HSCT recipients and immunocompetent children with medically attended ARI using CDC’s New Vaccine Surveillance Network data.

Comparison of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant (HSCT) Recipients vs. Immunocompetent Children with Medically Attended Acute Respiratory Illness, New Vaccine Surveillance Network (NVSN), Dec 2016 – Sep 2020Abbreviations: IQR = Interquartile range, LOS = Length of StayComparisons were made using Chi-squared tests for categorical variables and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests for continuous age and length of stay

Comparison of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant (HSCT) Recipients vs. Immunocompetent Children with Medically Attended Acute Respiratory Illness, New Vaccine Surveillance Network (NVSN), Dec 2016 – Sep 2020

Abbreviations: IQR = Interquartile range, LOS = Length of Stay

Comparisons were made using Chi-squared tests for categorical variables and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests for continuous age and length of stay

Viruses Identified Among HSCT Pediatric Cases, December 2016- September 2020

Viruses Identified Among HSCT Pediatric Cases, December 2016- September 2020

This prospective, multicenter study enrolled children < 18 years with ARI across seven U.S. health systems (2016–2020). Children were enrolled if seen in the ED or hospitalized. Respiratory specimens were tested by RT-PCR for common viruses on mid-turbinate nasal swabs. Exclusion criteria included illness >14 days, non-respiratory diagnoses, recent prior hospitalization, neonates never discharged home, and neutropenic fever (ANC < 500). Children were immunocompetent if they lacked HSCT, transplant, malignancy, sickle cell disease, or other immunosuppression. Comparisons used Chi-squared and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests.

Viruses Identified Among Immunocompetent Pediatric Cases, December 2016- September 2020

Viruses Identified Among Immunocompetent Pediatric Cases, December 2016- September 2020

A total of 60 HSCT and 35,037 immunocompetent children were enrolled. Median age was higher in HSCT recipients (9.5 vs. 1.9 years; p< 0.01). HSCT patients were more often hospitalized (91.7% vs. 49.0%; p < 0.01). Among 55 HSCT and 17,158 immunocompetent hospitalized patients, ICU admission (14.6% vs. 17.3%; p=0.86) and intubation (1.6% vs. 3.4%; p=0.80) rates were similar. However, mortality was higher in HSCT (1.7% vs. 0.1%; p< 0.01). Median LOS was longer in HSCT (3 vs. 2 days), with fewer discharged in 0–1 day (30.9% vs. 45.3%) and more hospitalized ≥ 5 days (25.5% vs. 13.1%; p< 0.01). Among influenza-positive patients, oseltamivir use was higher in HSCT (90.9% vs. 34.3%; p< 0.01).

HSCT recipients with ARI were older, more frequently hospitalized, stayed longer, and had higher mortality, underscoring the need for enhanced preventive strategies in this population.

All Authors: No reported disclosures

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