# Rubber voice illusion exposed neural correlates of voice perception and vocal adaptation across the continuum of psychosis

## TL;DR

This study explores how the brain processes voice perception and adaptation in people with varying levels of psychosis traits using the Rubber Voice Illusion.

## Contribution

The study reveals how neural suppression mechanisms differ in individuals with high schizotypy during voice perception tasks.

## Key findings

- Participants with high schizotypy showed reduced neural suppression despite adapting their voice pitch to a stranger's voice.
- Greater pitch shift in controls was associated with stronger neural suppression, indicating a functional self-suppression mechanism.
- The study highlights the decoupling between motor output and sensory prediction in high-schizotypy individuals.

## Abstract

The Rubber Voice Illusion is an auditory analogue of the classic Rubber Hand Illusion, a “mind-trick” for the voice. When speakers hear a stranger’s utterances that are perfectly time‑locked and syllable‑matched to their own voice, many momentarily adopt that alien voice as self‑generated. We used this illusion to probe the integrity of predictive auditory mechanisms across the psychosis continuum. Sixty healthy adults completed three Talk‑Listen conditions while high‑density EEG was recorded: veridical (live playback of own voice), stranger‑match (congruent stranger voice) and stranger‑mismatch (incongruent). Behaviorally, only the congruent condition evoked a sense of Ownership and Agency over the stranger’s voice, paired with an upward shift in fundamental frequency toward the higher-pitched stranger voice - an implicit indication of voice adaptation. Neurophysiologically, the canonical speaking-induced suppression was replicated, and suppression was significantly smaller in participants who scored high on Peters et al. Delusions Inventory. In controls, greater pitch shift was associated with stronger neural suppression, suggesting a functioning self-suppression mechanism; conversely, in high-schizotypy individuals, the relationship reversed, despite pitch shifting toward the stranger’s pitch, they exhibited reduced suppression, indicating decoupling between motor output and sensory prediction. The study provides further evidence to the intricate relationship of neural mechanisms underlying self-generated actions with sensory processing in the psychosis continuum.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-34714-9.