# Disposable electrochemical panel immunosensing systems for the simultaneous detection of potential biomarkers of ovarian cancer

## TL;DR

A low-cost disposable electrochemical system was developed to detect multiple ovarian cancer biomarkers simultaneously with high accuracy and sensitivity.

## Contribution

This is the first low-cost electrochemical panel system for simultaneous detection of AGR2, GLY, FOLR1, and SMRP biomarkers with high selectivity and accuracy.

## Key findings

- The system achieved recoveries over 95% in human serum samples, matching ELISA accuracy.
- The sensor has a wide linear range (1-500 pg mL⁻¹) and low detection limits.
- AuNP-modified HSPEs provided high sensitivity and reproducibility for multiplex detection.

## Abstract

Rapid, low-cost, practical, disposable electrochemical panel immunosensor systems were developed for the individual and simultaneous determination of anterior gradient-2 protein (AGR2), folate receptor alpha (FOLR1), glycodelin (GLY), and soluble mesothelin-associated protein (SMRP), which are significantly increased in physiological fluids, particularly in ovarian cancer, and are potential biomarkers in the diagnosis of specific cancer types. To reduce the cost of the panel immunosensor system, the electrodes were hand-fabricated (HSPE), and then the HSPE surfaces were modified with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Surface analyses (SEM, XPS, FTIR) have confirmed that the sensor was manufactured robustly. The electrochemical characterization and analysis of the immunosensors were performed using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and differential pulse voltammetry methods. Optimal operating conditions (antibody concentration, antigen, and antibody incubation times) were determined for the prepared single immunosensors. Detection limits, linear detection ranges, selectivity, shelf lives, repeatability, and reproducibility of single and panel immunosensors were determined. The clinical validity of the multi-platform was confirmed by recoveries of over 95% in human serum samples and by ELISA. In this study, low-cost electrochemical panel systems that enable the simultaneous determination of AGR2, GLY, FOLR1, and SMRP biomarkers with high selectivity and accuracy, a wide linear range (1-500 pg mL⁻¹), low detection limits, and good reproducibility were produced for the first time.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00604-025-07820-8.

Low-cost immunosensor enables rapid multiplex cancer biomarker detection.

AuNP-modified HSPEs deliver high sensitivity across wide linear ranges.

Surface analyses (SEM, XPS, FTIR) confirm robust sensor fabrication.

Multiplex platform matches ELISA accuracy with low detection limits.

High recoveries in human serum validate clinical diagnostic potential.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00604-025-07820-8.