# Research on LEACH Protocol Based on Dynamic Clustering and Routing Optimization

## TL;DR

This paper improves the LEACH protocol for wireless sensor networks by using dynamic clustering and routing optimization to extend network lifetime and improve data transmission.

## Contribution

The novel approach combines SOM clustering, energy-aware CH selection, and a hybrid routing method for enhanced WSN performance.

## Key findings

- The proposed protocol extends the node death round and network lifetime compared to existing methods.
- Improved data throughput is achieved across different base station locations through optimized routing.
- The hybrid routing method using Fibonacci sequences and a bee algorithm enhances transmission efficiency.

## Abstract

The limited and often irreplaceable battery energy of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) nodes, which are typically deployed in harsh environments, poses a critical challenge. Excessive energy consumption can lead to node failure and consequent data loss, making energy efficiency a central research focus. To address the limitations of the LEACH protocol in cluster head (CH) election and transmission modes, this paper proposes an optimized approach. First, sensor nodes are clustered using a Self-Organizing Map (SOM) neural network. Subsequently, the CH election function incorporates the node’s residual energy, distance to the base station, and neighbor node density. Finally, the data transmission stage employs a hybrid method combining Fibonacci sequences and a bee algorithm for routing optimization. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed protocol outperforms benchmarks in terms of the node death round, network lifetime, and data throughput across different base station locations, offering a valuable technical solution for routing optimization in medium- and large-scale WSNs.