# Highly Sensitive Measurement of the Refractive Index of Mesoporous Hollow Silica Microcapsules Using Whispering Gallery Mode Resonances

## TL;DR

Researchers used a new optical method to precisely measure the refractive index of tiny silica capsules, linking their nanostructure to optical properties.

## Contribution

A novel non-destructive method using whispering gallery mode resonances to measure refractive index and porosity in mesoporous silica microcapsules.

## Key findings

- Whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonances enabled precise refractive index measurement of 1.164 in silica microcapsules.
- Optical porosity estimates matched BET measurements, confirming the accuracy of the WGM method.
- The method is label-free and applicable to single-particle analysis of nanostructured dielectric materials.

## Abstract

Monodisperse mesoporous hollow silica microcapsules present unique opportunities for advanced optical characterization due to their tunable nanostructure, high porosity and easy functionalization. A critical and challenging parameter in the optimization of these applications is the accurate determination of the effective refractive index, which governs light propagation and confinement within the nanostructured matrix of such mesoporous materials. In this study, individual mesoporous hollow silica microcapsules doped with Rhodamine B dye were analysed optically by exploiting whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonances, enabling non-destructive, single-particle refractometry with nanostructural sensitivity. Fourier Transform analysis of the fluorescence emission spectra revealed sharply defined, periodically spaced WGM peaks. For microcapsules with an 88 μm diameter, the measured intermodal spacing (Δλ = 1.296 nm) yielded an effective refractive index of 1.164. The measured value of the effective refractive index was cross-validated using Lorenz–Lorentz and Bruggeman effective medium models, both predicting porosity values (~63%) that closely match independent Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) nitrogen adsorption measurements. The excellent agreement between optical and adsorption-based porosity demonstrates that WGM spectroscopy combined with Fourier analysis is a powerful, label-free, and non-invasive technique for correlating nanoscale porosity with macroscopic optical properties. This approach is widely applicable to single-particle analyses of nanostructured dielectric materials and opens new possibilities for in situ optical metrology in the development of advanced photonic, catalytic, and biomedical platforms.