# Recent Progress in Advanced Electrode Materials for the Detection of 4-Nitrophenol and Its Derivatives for Environmental Monitoring

## TL;DR

This paper reviews recent advances in electrochemical sensors for detecting 4-nitrophenol and its isomers, which are harmful pollutants affecting human health and the environment.

## Contribution

The paper provides a comprehensive overview of electrode materials and electrochemical techniques for detecting 4-nitrophenol and its derivatives.

## Key findings

- Carbon-based materials, metal oxides, and MOFs are effective electrode modifiers for 4-NP detection.
- Electrochemical techniques like voltammetry and amperometry show promising performance in detecting 4-NP isomers.
- Composites and COFs enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of electrochemical sensors for environmental monitoring.

## Abstract

It is understood that 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) and its derivatives/isomers, such as m-NP and o-NP, are considered toxic nitroaromatic pollutants that pose health risks for human beings and have negative impacts on the environment. Therefore, monitoring of 4-NP is of particular importance to avoid the negative impacts of these environmental pollutants on aquatic life and human health. Electrochemical sensors have emerged as the most promising next-generation technology for the detection of environmental pollutants. The electrochemical method has been extensively used for the detection of 4-NP, p-NP, etc., which has delivered an interesting electrochemical performance. This review provides an overview of the advances in electrode modifiers designed for the electrochemical detection of 4-NP and its isomers. This review includes the use of carbon-based materials, metal oxides, metal sulfides, metal-organic-frameworks (MOFs), conducting polymers, MXenes, covalent organic frameworks (COF), and composites for the development of 4-NP electrochemical sensors. Various electrochemical techniques, such as differential pulse voltammetry, square wave voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and amperometry, are discussed for the detection of 4-NP and other isomers.