# Fracture Resistance of Commercial and Novel Ceramic-Reinforced Polymer Crowns with Luting Cements of Varying Elastic Modulus

## TL;DR

This study tested how well different types of ceramic-reinforced polymer crowns hold up under stress when bonded with various dental cements.

## Contribution

The study introduces a novel 3D-printed ceramic-reinforced polymer crown and evaluates its fracture resistance with different luting cements.

## Key findings

- Crowns bonded with Maxcem or RelyX withstood over 2000 N of force without failure.
- HS crowns showed only surface cracking when bonded with Ketac, unlike VS crowns which had complete fractures.
- Lower-modulus resin cements provided better fracture resistance than glass-ionomer cements.

## Abstract

This in vitro study investigated the fracture resistance of three ceramic-reinforced polymer (CRP) crowns—Cerasmart® 270 (CE; milled), VarseoSmile Crown Plus® (VS; 3D-printed) and the newly developed Hassawat-01 (HS; 3D-printed)—luted with cements of different elastic moduli. The principal hypothesis was that neither the CRP type nor the modulus of cement would significantly affect fracture resistance. Ninety-nine mandibular first molar resin dies were restored with 1 mm thick CE, VS, or HS crowns (n = 33 each) and luted with Maxcem Elite®, RelyX Unicem®, or Ketac Cem® (n = 11 per subgroup). Occlusal cement morphology was evaluated using Micro-CT. Fracture resistance was measured using a universal testing machine. Crowns luted with Maxcem or RelyX withstood forces >2000 N without visible failure. Ketac-luted crowns showed reduced fracture resistance. CE-Ketac fractured in 4 of 11 specimens. VS-Ketac exhibited cracks or complete fractures (1795.2 ± 156.7 N), whereas HS-Ketac showed only superficial cracking (1732.6 ± 127.3 N). CRP crowns luted with lower-modulus resin cements demonstrated superior fracture resistance compared with those luted with glass-ionomer. VS exhibited both cracking and occasional complete fractures, whereas HS exhibited only surface cracking. All materials withstood loads greater than typical masticatory forces, supporting HS as a promising alternative within the CRP.