# Fatigue Life Assessment of Notched PLA Manufactured Using FDM 3D-Printing Technique

## TL;DR

This study examines how 3D-printed polylactic acid (PLA) with geometric discontinuities performs under fatigue loading, showing that central holes cause more stress concentration and shorter fatigue life.

## Contribution

The study introduces a novel analysis of how build orientation and geometric discontinuities affect the fatigue life of 3D-printed PLA with detailed damage progression insights.

## Key findings

- On-edge-printed specimens showed 19% higher tensile strength due to better layer bonding and fewer micro-voids.
- Central holes caused more stress concentration and shorter fatigue life compared to edge notches.
- Micro-voids and internal defects interact with geometric discontinuities to initiate multiple fatigue cracks.

## Abstract

Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is an extensively employed additive manufacturing method for producing precise and complicated polymer models, with its industrial applications expanding under various loading conditions. A review of existing research highlights the insufficient investigation of the influence of geometric discontinuities in additively manufactured polylactic acid (PLA) members under fatigue loads. This study aims to analyze the combined effects of build orientation and geometric discontinuities on the static and fatigue performance and damage evolution of 3D-printed PLA. To achieve improved fabrication quality and minimize process-induced defects, the quasi-static tensile tests were conducted on specimens printed in on-edge orientation with a concentric infill pattern and the flat direction with a rectilinear infill pattern. The test results have shown that on-edge-printed objects have reduced micro-voids and improved layer bonding, resulting in a 19% increase in tensile strength compared to the flat-printed specimens. Consequently, this configuration was adopted for three specimen types, e.g., smooth, semi-circular edge-notched, and central-holed, tested under axial fatigue with a 0.05 load ratio. Fatigue test findings indicate that the stress concentration is more pronounced around central holes than near edge notches, leading to shorter fatigue life. This phenomenon is consistent with its effects under static tensile loading. Furthermore, using Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique, damage initiation, progression, and failure mechanisms were analyzed in detail. According to fractographic analysis, the micro-voids in the 3D-printed specimens serve as potential regions for the initiation of multiple fatigue cracks. Additionally, the inherent internal defects can interact with geometric discontinuities, thereby weakening the fatigue performance.