# Fermented Kiwifruit By-Product as Experimental Biostimulant for Soilless Mini-Plum Tomato Cultivation

## TL;DR

This study shows that fermented kiwifruit waste can improve tomato fruit quality and soil microbial health in soilless farming.

## Contribution

A novel biostimulant from fermented kiwifruit waste is proposed for soilless tomato cultivation.

## Key findings

- Fermented kiwifruit biostimulant increased fruit firmness and antioxidant activity in tomatoes.
- The biostimulant also boosted lycopene content by 57% compared to controls.
- It modulated rhizosphere microbes involved in nutrient cycling and plant interactions.

## Abstract

Biostimulants boost plant growth, productivity, and nutrient retention, and can be produced from agri-food waste via microbial fermentation. In this study, undersized and unsold kiwifruits were fermented with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum to produce a fermented kiwifruit-based biostimulant (FKB). FKB was applied to soilless tomato plants (cv. Solarino) at two concentrations (50 and 100 mL L−1) at the root level, every two weeks throughout the crop cycle. Fruits were analyzed for technological and chemical parameters, including color, texture, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, sugar/acid ratio, pH, electrical conductivity, total polyphenol content, antioxidant activity, and lycopene concentration. Additionally, metataxonomic analysis characterized the substrate microbial community at the beginning and the end of cultivation. Overall, the results indicate a dose-dependent effect of FKB on fruit quality parameters, with the highest concentration showing the most pronounced effects, specifically for the fruit firmness (8.02 N for FKB at 100 mL L−1 vs. 7.25 N for the Control). Moreover, both tested concentrations were associated with increased antioxidant activity (on average +28%), and lycopene content (on average +57%) compared with the Control fruits. While overall microbial diversity remained largely unchanged, the relative abundance of bacterial taxa associated with nutrient cycling and plant–microbe interactions was modulated by the biostimulant, indicating subtle but potentially functionally relevant shifts in the rhizosphere microbiota. These findings suggest that fermented kiwifruit biomass can serve as an effective biostimulant, improving both fruit quality and the functional structure of the rhizosphere microbial community in soilless tomato cultivation.