# Genetic Dissection of Frost Tolerance in Winter Durum Wheat: Three Validated KASP Markers for Marker-Assisted Selection

## TL;DR

This study identifies genetic markers linked to frost tolerance in winter durum wheat, offering tools to breed more cold-resistant varieties.

## Contribution

The study discovers and validates three KASP markers for frost tolerance in winter durum wheat, expanding beyond known genetic regions.

## Key findings

- Four loci on chromosomes 1B, 5A, 5B, and 7B are significantly associated with winter survival in durum wheat.
- The identified loci explain 7.6–21.5% of phenotypic variance in frost tolerance with additive inheritance.
- Three SNPs were converted to KASP assays, providing practical tools for marker-assisted selection in breeding programs.

## Abstract

Winter durum wheat combines the benefits of autumn sowing with high grain quality but remains poorly adapted to temperate regions due to low frost tolerance. To elucidate the genetic basis of winter hardiness and support breeding for improved cold adaptation, a segregating multi-family F2 panel (n = 270) was developed from crosses among frost-tolerant and frost-susceptible lines. GWAS identified four loci significantly associated with winter survival on chromosomes 1B, 5A, 5B, and 7B, collectively explaining 7.6–21.5% of phenotypic variance. These loci jointly improved model performance (ΔMcFadden R2 = 0.230, p-value = 4.76 × 10−17) without evidence of epistasis, indicating additive inheritance. Predicted survival increased nearly linearly with the number of favorable alleles, highlighting the potential for pyramiding through marker-assisted or genomic selection. Three significant SNPs were converted to KASP assays, providing validated molecular tools for breeding applications. Overall, the study broadens understanding of frost-tolerance genetics in winter durum wheat beyond canonical Fr regions and delivers practical markers for improving winter hardiness in breeding programs targeting continental climates.