# Study on the Application of Machine Learning of Melt Pool Geometries in Silicon Steel Fabricated by Powder Bed Fusion

## TL;DR

This study uses machine learning to predict melt pool characteristics in laser printing silicon steel, helping optimize manufacturing conditions.

## Contribution

A novel application of regression-based machine learning models to predict melt pool geometry in Fe-Si alloy powder bed fusion.

## Key findings

- Support vector regressor with a linear kernel best predicted melt pool width, while MLP best predicted depth.
- Optimal input energy range for stable melt pool formation was identified as 0.45 to 0.60 J/mm.
- Porosity levels were lowest under conduction mode conditions, aligning with model predictions.

## Abstract

In this study, regression-based machine learning models were developed to predict the melt pool width and depth formed during the Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) process for Fe-3.4Si and Fe-6Si alloys. Based on experimentally obtained melt pool width and depth data, a total of 11 regression models were trained and evaluated, and hyperparameters were optimized via Bayesian optimization. Key process parameters were identified through data preprocessing and feature engineering, and SHAP analysis confirmed that the input energy had the strongest influence on both melt pool width and depth. The comparison of prediction performance revealed that the support vector regressor with a linear kernel (SVR_lin) exhibited the best performance for predicting melt pool width, while the multilayer perceptron (MLP) model achieved the best results for predicting melt pool depth. Based on these trained models, a power–velocity (P-V) process map was constructed, incorporating boundary conditions such as the overlap ratio and the melt pool morphology. The optimal input energy range was derived as 0.45 to 0.60 J/mm, ensuring stable melt pool formation. Specimens manufactured under the derived conditions were analyzed using 3D X-ray CT, revealing porosity levels ranging from 0.29% to 2.89%. In particular, the lowest porosity was observed under conduction mode conditions when the melt pool depth was approximately 1.0 to 1.5 times the layer thickness. Conversely, porosity tended to increase in the transition mode and lack of fusion regions, consistent with the model predictions. Therefore, this study demonstrated that a machine learning-based regression model can reliably predict melt pool characteristics in the LPBF process of Fe-Si alloys, contributing to the development of process maps and optimization strategies.