# Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) Oil Press-Cake Powder: Chemical Characterization and In Vitro Bioactivity for Sustainable Applications

## TL;DR

This paper studies the chemical composition and bioactivity of Sacha inchi oil press-cake, finding it rich in beneficial fatty acids and amino acids, with potential for sustainable food, feed, and pharmaceutical applications.

## Contribution

The study provides a detailed chemical and bioactivity profile of Sacha inchi oil press-cake, highlighting its potential as a sustainable source of bioactive compounds.

## Key findings

- Sacha inchi oil press-cake contains high levels of α-linolenic acid (42.52%) and essential amino acids.
- Extracts showed significant antioxidant activity and cytotoxic effects against Panc-1 cancer cells.
- The acetone/water/acetic acid solvent (80/19/1 v/v/v) yielded the highest antioxidant properties.

## Abstract

Sacha inchi (P. volubilis L.), an ancient oilseed crop native to the Amazon, is gaining attention for its high nutritional value particularly due to its ω-3-, -6-, -9-rich oil. However, most research has focused mainly on oil characterization, neglecting the potential of its by-products, such as the Sacha inchi oil-press cake (i.e., the solid residue after oil extraction). This study explores the chemical composition of Sacha inchi oil press-cake powder, focusing on fatty acid and amino acid profiles, antinutrient factors, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and the bioactivity of its extracts on cellular models. Fatty acid analysis revealed a high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially α-linolenic acid (42.52%), making it a valuable resource for health-promoting applications. The protein content was also significant (41.86%), with a balanced amino acid composition, including essential amino acids such as leucine, valine, and isoleucine, which are vital for muscle protein synthesis and energy metabolism, in food and/or feed applications. Antinutritional factors were detected, including saponins (1050.1 ± 1.1 mg/100 g), alkaloids (2.1 ± 0.5 mg/100 g), and tannins (6.2 ± 0.9 mg/100 g). While these phytotoxins could limit their use in food applications, their potential antimicrobial activity highlights promising pharmacological opportunities. Total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AO) were evaluated using two extract mixtures differing in composition and polarity, with the acetone/water/acetic acid solvent (80/19/1 v/v/v) showing the highest antioxidant properties. The extract obtained showed cytotoxic effects against Panc-1 cancer cells, highlighting its potential in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications. This study underscores the unexploited potential of Sacha inchi by-products, such as the oil press-cake, as a sustainable resource of bioactive compounds for functional products, supporting circular bio-economy strategies by plant-based waste and local biodiversity valorization.