# Thermally Stable and Energy Efficient Newly Synthesized Bipolar Emitters for Yellow and Green OLED Devices

## TL;DR

This paper introduces new bipolar emitters for OLEDs that offer improved thermal stability and energy efficiency for green and yellow light.

## Contribution

The synthesis of RB14, RB18, and RB22, which are thermally stable bipolar emitters with high performance in OLED devices.

## Key findings

- RB18 has the highest thermal durability (431 °C) for yellow OLED emitters.
- RB22 is the most thermally stable emitter among the three tested materials.
- OLED devices using RB14 achieved the highest maximum EQE of 7.93%.

## Abstract

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have emerged as a leading high-resolution display and lighting technology, as well as for photo-therapeutic applications, due to their light weight, flexibility, and excellent color rendering. However, achieving long-term thermal stability and high energy efficiency remains a principal issue for their widespread adoption. Strong thermal robustness in OLED emitter materials is a critical parameter for achieving long device lifetimes, stable film morphology, reliable high-temperature processing, and sustained interface integrity in high-performance hosts. Bipolar emitters RB14 (N-(9-ethylcarbazole-3-yl)-4-(diphenylamino)phenyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl-1,8-naphthalimide), RB18 (N-phenyl-4-(diphenylamino)phenyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl-1,8-naphthalimide), and RB22 (N-phenyl-3-(2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-9H-carbazole-9-yl-1,8-naphthalimide) were newly synthesized. RB18 is a yellow bipolar OLED emitter that has a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 162 °C and thermal durability (Td) of 431 °C, which is the highest reported value for naphthalimide-based bipolar emitter derivatives for yellow OLEDs. Meanwhile, RB14 and RB22 are green OLED emitters that have glass transition temperatures (Tg) of 133 °C and 167 °C, and thermal durabilities (Td) of 336 °C and 400 °C, respectively. We have fabricated OLED devices using these bipolar emitters dispersed in CBP host matrix, and we have found that the maximum EQEs (%) for RB14, RB18, and RB22 emitter-based devices are 7.93%, 3.40%, and 4.02%, respectively. For confirmation of thermal stability, we also used UV-visible spectroscopy measurements at variable temperatures on annealed spin-coated glass films of these emitter materials and found that RB22 is the most thermally stable emitter among these materials.