# The Exploitation of Carbon Nanomaterials as Electrode Material to Increase the Sensitivity of Germanium Ion Determinations by Stripping Adsorption Voltammetry

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a new method using carbon nanomaterials to detect very low levels of germanium in water samples with high sensitivity.

## Contribution

The first use of carbon nanotubes as an electrode material for voltammetric determination of Ge(IV).

## Key findings

- The method detects Ge(IV) concentrations as low as 0.3 nmol L−1.
- The linear detection range is from 0.9 to 30 nmol L−1 with high correlation (R = 0.998).
- The method successfully analyzed germanium in drinking and river water samples.

## Abstract

A highly sensitive and fast procedure for the determination of trace germanium is presented. The carbon nanotubes/spherical glassy carbon electrode (CNTs/SGCE) has been applied for adsorptive stripping voltammetric determination of trace concentrations of Ge(IV) in solution, preceded by complexation with chloranilic acid. Carbon nanomaterials were used for the first time in the voltammetric determination of Ge(IV). The experimental variables such as supporting electrolyte concentration, chloranilic acid concentration, modification of the CNTs/SGCE by forming a bismuth film, and the potential and time for Ge(IV)-chloranilic acid adsorption, as well as instrumental variables on the germanium signal response, were tested. Under optimized conditions, the peak current was found to be proportional to the concentration of Ge(IV) over the range of 0.9 to 30 nmol L−1 with R = 0.998. The detection limit, estimated from three times the standard deviation at low Ge(IV) concentration, was about 0.3 nmol L−1. Possible interferences were evaluated. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of the total amount of germanium in drinking and river water samples.