# Analysis of Photosynthetic Parameters, Yield, and Quality Correlations in Herbicide-Tolerant Transgenic Hybrid Cotton

## TL;DR

This study explores how crossbreeding glyphosate-tolerant cotton with conventional lines affects herbicide tolerance, photosynthesis, and yield.

## Contribution

The study identifies GR79-EPSPS as a key gene compensating for reduced GAT expression, improving herbicide tolerance and photosynthetic stability in transgenic cotton hybrids.

## Key findings

- Hybrids with elevated GR79-EPSPS expression showed better photosynthetic pigment composition and PSII efficiency.
- GGK2 × Y4 achieved significant biomass and yield improvement through heterosis.
- GR79-EPSPS and GAT interaction enhances herbicide tolerance and agronomic performance in cotton.

## Abstract

Weed stress remains a major limiting factor in cotton production, and glyphosate-tolerant varieties provide an effective solution for chemical weed control. However, achieving a balance between herbicide tolerance and agronomic physiological traits remains challenging. In this study, three hybrid combinations were generated by crossing a glyphosate-tolerant cotton line (GGK2) with conventional elite lines and were comprehensively evaluated. Gene expression analysis revealed that the classical detoxification gene GAT was significantly downregulated in all hybrid combinations, whereas the expression of GR79-EPSPS, a gene associated with glutathione metabolism and oxidative stress response, was markedly elevated, particularly in the GGK2 × Y4 combination. This differential expression pattern suggests that GR79-EPSPS may compensate for the reduced function of GAT by conferring oxidative protection under herbicide stress. Physiological determination indicated that hybrid combinations with enhanced GR79-EPSPS expression, especially GGK2 × Y5, exhibited superior photosynthetic pigment composition and photosystem II (PSII) efficiency, validating the role of GR79-EPSPS in maintaining photosynthetic stability. Agronomic trait assessment demonstrated that GGK2 × Y4 achieved significant biomass accumulation and yield improvement through heterosis, although fiber quality improvement was limited. This study effectively enhanced the herbicide resistance of conventional cotton through crossbreeding and revealed that the interaction between GR79-EPSPS and GAT can improve cotton tolerance to herbicides, thereby providing a breeding strategy for developing cotton varieties with both herbicide tolerance and superior agronomic traits.