# Cannabidiol Protects the Neonatal Mouse Heart from Hyperoxia-Induced Injury

## TL;DR

Cannabidiol (CBD) protects the hearts of newborn mice from damage caused by high oxygen levels, with effects depending on dose and sex.

## Contribution

This study is the first to show CBD's protective effects on the developing heart in a neonatal hyperoxia model.

## Key findings

- CBD reduced oxidative stress, inflammation, and adverse cardiac remodeling in neonatal mice exposed to hyperoxia.
- Low-dose CBD (10 mg/kg) preserved cardiomyocyte proliferation and reduced wall thickness more effectively than high-dose CBD.
- Sex differences were observed, with males showing greater impairments and better response to low-dose CBD.

## Abstract

Neonatal hyperoxia induces oxidative and inflammatory stress that disrupts cardiac maturation and contributes to long-term cardiovascular morbidity in individuals born preterm. Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, has demonstrated protective effects in neonatal hyperoxic injury in other organs; however, its impact on the developing heart remains unclear. This study investigated whether CBD mitigates hyperoxia-induced cardiac injury in a neonatal mouse model. Newborn mice were exposed to 80% O2 for 48 h from postnatal day (P)5 to P7 and received vehicle, 10 mg/kg CBD, or 30 mg/kg CBD intraperitoneally, while controls remained in room air. Hearts were collected at P7 or after recovery until P14. Hyperoxia triggered oxidative stress (Nrf2), inflammation (IL1β, TNFα, IL6, CXCL1; p < 0.05), and dysregulated apoptosis/autophagy, leading to reduced cardiomyocyte proliferation (Ki67+ −50% at P14; p < 0.01) and adverse remodeling (hypertrophy, fibrosis; p < 0.01). CBD attenuated these responses and normalized autophagy (Atg5, Atg12; p < 0.05). Notably, 10 mg/kg CBD, but not 30 mg/kg, preserved proliferative capacity and reduced wall thickness, suggesting a narrow therapeutic window, while both doses limited collagen deposition and apoptosis (Casp3, AIF; p < 0.05). Several effects were sex-dependent, with males exhibiting more pronounced long-term structural and proliferative impairments and greater responsiveness to low-dose CBD. These findings identify CBD as a potential cardioprotective modulator of neonatal hyperoxia-induced injury and highlight the importance of dose- and sex-specific mechanisms in early cardiac maturation.