# Beyond pollination syndromes? Reflections on the classifications of Federico Delpino

## TL;DR

The paper explores the origins and evolution of pollination syndromes, highlighting Federico Delpino's empirical classifications of floral functional types and their potential relevance today.

## Contribution

The paper reevaluates Delpino's original empirical classification of floral functional types and suggests its potential for modern pollination ecology.

## Key findings

- Delpino's first classification inspired the pollination syndrome concept but was later overshadowed.
- Delpino's second classification of 47 functional types was innovative but dismissed by Müller.
- The paper suggests revisiting Delpino's work for a more empirical approach in pollination ecology.

## Abstract

Pollination syndromes are typically defined as idealized pollination modes based on a canonical set of traits. As such, they are often criticized as typological rather than empirical. These syndromes are attributed to the great Italian botanist Federico Delpino, who has borne some blame for their perceived shortcomings. Yet Delpino’s original contribution, although it inspired the concept of pollination syndromes, differed significantly from it. What he proposed was, in contrast, an empirical classification of plants into floral functional types (FFTs), with pollination vector as the key trait.

Delpino produced two functional type classifications. The first was published, approvingly, by H. Müller in 1873. This was the classification that, in the 20th century, evolved into the pollination syndrome concept. Delpino later proposed a more ambitious and innovative classification of animal pollination into 47 functional types in his monumental work, the Ulteriori Osservazioni. Müller strongly criticized this classification, but if Delpino’s second scheme had been refined rather than dismissed, it might have shaped later developments in pollination biology in a highly beneficial way. As Löw wrote in 1895, it was ‘one of the most ingenious and grand attempts’ at a fundamentally open-ended problem. Müller proposed his own classification in 1881, but after that, interest in floral functional types in pollination ecology languished, eventually to be replaced by a different concept, that of pollination syndromes. In contrast, plant functional type (PFT) classification has become central in vegetation and global change ecology.

Pollination ecology could usefully reflect on the PFT approach, even revisiting Delpino’s work (which has never been translated from the original Italian) for inspiration. For some studies, an FFT approach, as pioneered by Delpino, could usefully replace a pollination syndrome-based approach.