# Freely foraging macaques value information in ambiguous terrains

## TL;DR

Macaques use information-seeking strategies while foraging in ambiguous environments, balancing exploration and reward proximity.

## Contribution

The study introduces a kernel-based model to quantify how macaques balance information-seeking, reward, and proximity in ambiguous foraging.

## Key findings

- Macaques exhibit Lévy-like random walks in ambiguous foraging environments.
- Rewards temporarily influence foraging paths but do not hinder long-distance exploration.
- Individual macaques show differences in preference for information, reward, or proximity.

## Abstract

Among non-human primates, macaques are recognized for thriving in a wide range of novel environments. Previous studies show macaques’ affinity for new information. However, little is known about how information-seeking manifests in their spatial navigation pattern in ambiguous foraging terrains, where the location and distribution of the food are unknown. We investigated the spatial pattern of foraging in free-moving macaques in an ambiguous terrain, lacking sensory cues about the reward distribution. Rewards were hidden in a uniform grid of woodchip piles spread over a 15 sqm open terrain and spatially distributed according to different patchy distributions. We observed Lévy-like random walks in macaques’ spatial search patterns, balancing relocation effort with exploration. Encountering rewards altered the foraging path to favor the vicinity of discovered rewards temporarily, without preventing longer-distance travels. These results point toward continuous exploration, suggesting that explicit information-seeking is a part of macaques’ foraging strategy. We further quantified the role of information seeking using a kernel-based model, combining a map of ambiguity, promoting information seeking, with a map of discovered rewards and a map of proximity. Fitting this model to the foraging paths of our macaques revealed individual differences in their relative preference for information, reward, or proximity. The model predicted that a joint contribution of all three factors performs and adapts to an ambiguous terrain with scattered rewards, a prediction we confirmed using further experimental evidence. We postulate an explicit role for seeking information as a valuable entity to reduce ambiguity in macaques’ foraging strategies, suggesting an ecologically valid way of foraging in ambiguous terrains.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-32879-x.