# Long-term benefit from high-dose ifosfamide in sarcoma depends on sustained prior control and timely intervention: a machine learning analysis

## TL;DR

High-dose ifosfamide can provide long-term benefits for sarcoma patients if treatment is timely and follows sustained tumor control.

## Contribution

Machine learning identifies key predictors for long-term survival in sarcoma patients treated with high-dose ifosfamide.

## Key findings

- Patients with prior tumor control ≥12 months had significantly better survival outcomes.
- Intervention prior to disease progression was a strong predictor of long-term survival.
- Absence of metastases also correlated with improved survival in HD-IFO-treated sarcoma patients.

## Abstract

High-dose ifosfamide (HD-IFO) remains an effective regimen for advanced bone and soft tissue sarcomas, but predictors of long-term benefit are poorly defined. This study evaluated clinical outcomes and prognostic factors using machine learning-assisted modeling in sarcoma patients treated with HD-IFO at a high-volume academic center.

We retrospectively analyzed 26 patients with histologically confirmed bone or soft tissue sarcoma who received HD-IFO (≥ 12 g/m2 per cycle) between 2015 and 2025. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated by the Kaplan–Meier method and compared across RECIST response categories using log-rank testing. Prognostic factors were identified using Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) logistic regression with leave-one-out cross-validation. The top three variables were entered into multivariable logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for OS > 24 months.

Median PFS and OS from start of HD-IFO was 6.6 months (95% CI 4.4–9.8) and 24.7 months (95% CI, 14.7–34.2), respectively. Patients with progressive disease (PD) had significantly shorter OS than those with partial response (PR; p = 0.0047) or stable disease (SD; p = 0.0485). LASSO identified intervention prior to progression, prior tumor control ≥ 12 months, and absence of metastases as the strongest predictors for OS > 24 months. In multivariable analysis, intervention prior to progression (OR 24.18, 95% CI 1.81–1001.27, p = 0.037) and prior tumor control ≥ 12 months (OR 25.39, 95% CI 2.1–1008.9, p = 0.030) independently predicted OS > 24 months.

HD-IFO provides durable disease control in selected sarcoma patients, particularly those with sustained prior tumor control and intervention prior to progression.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00432-025-06410-8.