# Differences in Obese and Underweight 5- to 8-Year-Old Children’s Physical Fitness and Motor Skills and Associations With Body Composition: The ExAMIN Youth and BC-IT SA Study

## TL;DR

This study compares physical fitness and motor skills in underweight and obese children, finding significant differences linked to body composition.

## Contribution

The study provides new insights into how body composition affects physical fitness and motor skills in underweight and obese young children.

## Key findings

- Underweight children outperformed overweight and obese children in physical and motor fitness.
- Obese children showed poor physical fitness and negative associations with body composition parameters.
- Body composition metrics like waist circumference and fat-free mass correlated differently with motor skills in underweight versus overweight children.

## Abstract

Background: Malnutrition, encompassing underweight (UW) and overweight or obesity (OW/OB), is a global health challenge that significantly impacts children’s physical fitness and motor development. Purpose: As limited research exists on these relationships in young children, this study investigated differences in health-related physical fitness (HRPF), motor-related physical fitness (MRPF) and motor skills (MS) in UW and OW/OB children and associations between these fitness characteristics and body composition parameters. Research Design: A cross-sectional study design was used. Sample: 298 children (150 boys, 148 girls; mean age 6.84 ± 0.96 years) was drawn from the ExAMIN Youth SA and the BC-IT studies in the North-West Province of South Africa. Data Collection and Analysis: Measurements included anthropometric measures, body composition assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis, and evaluations of HRPF, MRPF, and MS). Data were analysed using SPSS (v. 26.0). Results: In the group, 26% were underweight, 11.1% overweight, and 8% obese. OW/OB children had poorer physical and motor fitness (p < .05) and motor skills (p > .05) than normal-weight (NW) peers, while underweight children significantly outperformed both OW and OB and normal-weight children. All body composition parameters were largely and negatively associated with strength, aerobic capacity (r > 0.5), speed, agility and balance in obese children. Fat-free mass, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference revealed positive, more minor and inconsistent associations (r > 0.2) in NW and UW children. Waist circumference (WC) and FFM correlated positively with balance and catching in UW and NW children, with negative correlations between balance and BMI and WC in overweight and obese groups. Conclusions: These different degrees of associations with physical and motor fitness and motor skills in under- and overweight children are important when designing early interventions to prevent childhood obesity.