# Trichomonas vaginalis strain diversity among female sex workers in Ecuador using DNA sequence-based typing

## TL;DR

This study used DNA sequencing to analyze Trichomonas vaginalis strain diversity among female sex workers in Ecuador, revealing high strain diversity and potential for tracking sexual networks.

## Contribution

The study introduces new sequence types and identifies population subtypes of Trichomonas vaginalis among at-risk populations in Ecuador.

## Key findings

- TV-MLST revealed new sequence types and two major population subtypes among Ecuadorian female sex workers.
- goeBURST analysis identified four clonal complexes, with the largest primarily composed of brothel-based workers.
- Adding international data showed nine clonal complexes and 24 STs, preserving links between STs and some FSWs.

## Abstract

Molecular methods to track the spread of Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) infection, the most common curable non-viral sexually transmitted infection globally, associated with poor reproductive health outcomes and low socio-economic status are challenging, as ultra-long repetitive DNA sequences in TV make whole genome sequencing difficult. We undertook multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of TV using nested-PCR from clinical samples, to describe strain diversity among at-risk female sex-workers (FSWs) in Ecuador.

Sociodemographic data and vulvo-vaginal swabs were collected from two groups of FSWs, street-based workers (SBWs) and brothel-based workers (BBWs). DNA extracts, positive for TV by real-time PCR, were amplified by two-step nested-PCR for seven TV genes and MLST-amplicon libraries sequenced using Illumina MiSeq. Sequence types (STs) were clustered into clonal complexes using goeBURST and population structure investigated using STRUCTURE.

Of 250 FSWs, 58 were positive for TV by real-time PCR. Subsets of TV positive vaginal DNA extracts were sequence-typed from 15 SBWs and 17 BBWs, alongside a non-sex worker sample collected from the same region, and a positive control. Compared with BBWs, SBWs were older (p < 0.001) and earnt less for sex work. TV-MLST revealed new STs and two major population subtypes. No associations were found between ST and behaviouralcharacteristics. goeBURST analysis of study samples identified four clonal complexes in which the largest complex comprised primarily of BBWs. When combined with a larger international dataset, goeBURST revealed 9 clonal complexes and 24 separate STs or nodes. FSWs with the same ancestral TV population structure were not displaced by the added STs.

TV-MLST revealed high strain diversity among Ecuadorian FSWs and a two-type sub-population. The preservation of links between STs associated with some FSWs when adding a larger set of archived STs, suggests potential for use as an aid to TV associated sexual network identification.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-025-12185-7.