# Lipoic Acid Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide‐Induced Inflammation via Inhibition of Glycolysis in RAW264.7 Macrophages

## TL;DR

Lipoic acid reduces inflammation in macrophages by inhibiting glycolysis and targeting HIF1α, offering a potential treatment for inflammatory lung diseases.

## Contribution

This study reveals a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism of lipoic acid through HIF1α-mediated metabolic reprogramming in macrophages.

## Key findings

- Lipoic acid inhibited M1 macrophage markers and proinflammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.
- Lipoic acid suppressed pyroptosis by reducing GSDMD expression in activated macrophages.
- Lipoic acid reversed LPS-induced metabolic reprogramming by decreasing glycolysis and increasing oxidative metabolism.

## Abstract

Sustained pulmonary inflammation contributes significantly to lung carcinogenesis. Macrophages play a pivotal role in perpetuating inflammatory responses, undergoing a metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to glycolysis upon activation. The interplay between metabolic reprogramming and macrophage polarization remains poorly defined. The objective of this study is to examines the anti‐inflammatory mechanism of lipoic acid (LA), focusing on its ability to modulate immunometabolism in activated macrophages.

We utilized lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages and a murine acute lung injury (ALI) model to evaluate the anti‐inflammatory effects of LA. Inflammatory cytokine expression was assessed by qPCR, ELISA, and Western blot. Metabolic profiling was performed using Seahorse XF technology to measure oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR), evaluating glycolytic and oxidative metabolic functions.

This study systematically elucidates the molecular mechanism by which LA modulates macrophage inflammatory responses through targeting the HIF1α/glycolysis axis. The main findings are as follows: (1) In LPS‐induced RAW264.7 macrophages, LA treatment significantly inhibited the expression of M1 macrophage markers (iNOS, CD86) and the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (IL‐1β, IL‐6, etc.). (2) LA effectively reduced the expression of GSDMD, the key executor of pyroptosis, demonstrating its inhibitory effect on macrophage pyroptosis. (3) Metabolic analysis revealed that LA reversed LPS‐induced metabolic reprogramming by decreasing the ECAR and increasing the OCR, thereby suppressing glycolysis. (4) Mechanistic studies showed that siRNA‐mediated knockdown of HIF1α replicated both the anti‐inflammatory and metabolic regulatory effects of LA, confirming HIF1α as the key target in this pathway. (5) In an ALI mouse model, LA treatment significantly reduced HIF1α expression in lung tissues and effectively alleviated inflammatory responses, further validating the proposed mechanism.

LA exerts potent anti‐inflammatory effects by targeting HIF1α‐mediated metabolic reprogramming in macrophages. Our results highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting immunometabolic pathways in inflammatory lung diseases, providing new insights into the mechanism by which LA ameliorates pulmonary inflammation.

Anti‐inflammatory mechanism of Lipoic acid. LA and siRNA‐HIF1α inhibited the expression of HIF1α and inflammatory factors such as IL‐6, IL‐18, TNF‐α, and IL‐1β in LPS‐induced macrophages. The researchers showed in this work that the anti‐inflammation was achieved through HIF1α/glycolysis axis.