# Motor Performance Before, During and After COVID-19 and the Role of Socioeconomic Background: A 10-Year Cohort Study of 68,996 Third Grade Children

## TL;DR

This study found that lockdowns during the pandemic reduced children's motor skills, with different effects depending on socioeconomic background and the type of motor skill.

## Contribution

The study is novel in analyzing long-term motor performance changes in children during the pandemic and how these changes vary by socioeconomic background.

## Key findings

- Motor performance declined after lockdowns, especially in coordination, strength, and flexibility.
- Endurance improved during the pandemic, while other motor domains declined.
- Higher socioeconomic background children experienced stronger declines in some motor skills.

## Abstract

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, various measures—including restrictions on children’s physical activities, such as national lockdowns (LD)—were implemented to contain its spread. These measures may have compromised motor development, particularly among children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds (SEBs), who are typically less active than peers from higher SEBs. This study examined the impact of COVID-19 restrictions on motor development in relation to SEB.

Data from 68,996 children in Germany (Age: 8.83 ± 0.56 years, range: 6.4–13.0; 35,270 female, 51.1%) assessed between 2011/2012 and 2022/2023 were analyzed from the longitudinal study ‘Berlin hat Talent’. Assessments before and after the pandemic used the German Motor Fitness Test, covering endurance, strength, coordination, and flexibility. Demographic data were collected via questionnaires; SEB was derived from official school-type classifications. Linear mixed-effect models accounted for hierarchical data: test values (level 1), motor domains (2a), participants (2b), and schools (3b). Motor performance was expressed as z-scores based on German reference percentiles. Effects of Time (pre, post LD I, post LD II), Motor Domain, and SEB (continuous, -2 to 2) were estimated, controlling for Age , Gender, and Secular Trends.

The effect of Time was significant (p = .014, η2 < .01), with motor performance lower after LD II than pre-pandemic. Time × Motor Domain interaction showed motor domain-specific changes (p = .001, η2 < .01): endurance improved, while strength, coordination, and flexibility declined. Time × Motor Domain × SEB interaction was also significant (p < .001, η2 = .01), indicating that the effect of Time differed across motor domains depending on SEB. Adjusting for Secular Trends revealed that the pandemic’s overall impact (~ –4% across domains) was even stronger (p < .001, η2 = .29), with domain-specific changes to –15.47% to + 7.56%. The SEB gap slightly closed, as higher SEB groups declined more strongly (p < .001, η2 = .10).

The findings indicate domain-specific and SEB-related differences in motor performance during the pandemic, in particular after accounting for secular trends. Results underscore the need for ongoing monitoring and targeted support measures, particularly for children with lower SEB, during periods of disrupted daily activity.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40798-025-00968-w.

Motor performance trajectories in different cohorts of 68,996 third-grade children were analyzed before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic, considering secular trends and the moderating effects of socioeconomic background.Motor performance showed significant declines in coordination, strength, and flexibility during the pandemic, while endurance increased, with an average drop of 4 percentile points in overall motor performance after lockdowns; after adjusting for recent secular trends.Children from higher socioeconomic backgrounds showed stronger declines in motor performance, with the impact varying between different motor domains, such that coordination and endurance were more affected than strength and flexibility.

Motor performance trajectories in different cohorts of 68,996 third-grade children were analyzed before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic, considering secular trends and the moderating effects of socioeconomic background.

Motor performance showed significant declines in coordination, strength, and flexibility during the pandemic, while endurance increased, with an average drop of 4 percentile points in overall motor performance after lockdowns; after adjusting for recent secular trends.

Children from higher socioeconomic backgrounds showed stronger declines in motor performance, with the impact varying between different motor domains, such that coordination and endurance were more affected than strength and flexibility.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40798-025-00968-w.