# A protocol for assessing smallholder farmers’ climate resilience: A guidance for researchers to construct a robust multidimensional domain

## TL;DR

This paper provides a clear protocol for researchers to build a reliable framework for assessing smallholder farmers' climate resilience.

## Contribution

It introduces a statistically accountable protocol for constructing a multidimensional domain for climate resilience assessment.

## Key findings

- Inappropriate domains and indicators can lead to biased research outcomes.
- A robust protocol is essential for developing reliable climate resilience constructs.
- The protocol emphasizes a statistical approach for framework development.

## Abstract

In recent years, the theoretical frameworks on climate resilience of smallholder farmers have continued to develop. This has encouraged the emergence of a variety of domains, indicators, and items. Meanwhile, inappropriate construct domains, indicators, and items can lead to biased research findings. Therefore, developing a robust construct domain, indicators, and items requires a clear, easily understood, and statistically accountable protocol. This protocol emphasizes the formation of a framework for conducting a statistical approach to assess smallholder farmers’ climate resilience.

Image, graphical abstract