# Life history induces markedly divergent insect responses to habitat loss

## TL;DR

This study shows that habitat loss in the Amazon affects terrestrial and aquatic insects differently, with larger terrestrial insects dispersing more easily and aquatic insects thriving in disturbed areas.

## Contribution

The study uses deep learning to analyze insect responses to habitat loss, revealing life history-dependent biodiversity impacts.

## Key findings

- Low forest cover reduces terrestrial insect dominance but increases aquatic insect populations.
- Large terrestrial insects are more likely to disperse across open water than smaller ones.
- Forest amount similarly affects the regional species pool size of both aquatic and terrestrial insects.

## Abstract

Habitat loss poses a major threat to tropical biodiversity, but its effects on distinct taxa remain unclear. Furthermore, most studies have failed to investigate the effects of habitat loss for taxa with contrasting life histories, potentially underestimating those impacts.Here, using an unprecedented sampling effort, we investigated the effects of forest amount on the diversity, composition and size structure of Amazonian terrestrial and aquatic insects.We sampled the insect fauna across Earth's largest man‐made forest archipelago 36 years after impoundment (Balbina reservoir, Central Amazon, Brazil) using 236 sticky traps placed on forest islands, the open‐water matrix and adjacent continuous forests. Using fivefold cross‐validated computer vision models, we identified and measured 22,471 individual insects. To consider sampling bias on diversity estimation, we used individual‐based rarefaction to partition diversity into components that explained community evenness and regional species pool size. We also applied coverage‐based rarefaction to estimate changes in community composition, reducing potential bias.Low forest amount led to low dominance of terrestrial insects; conversely, it boosted populations of aquatic insects. We report similar effects of forest cover on regional species pool size of aquatic and terrestrial insects, highlighting the importance of large tracts of forest within the landscape to foster diverse communities. Large terrestrial insects were most likely to disperse across the inhospitable floodwater matrix compared to their smaller counterparts.Future studies should consider multi‐taxa approaches to properly quantify impact estimates of land‐use change on biodiversity, which can diverge widely depending on species life history traits. Generalizations and any target conservation action cannot be made without explicitly considering how forest cover can affect species depending on their life history traits.

Habitat loss poses a major threat to tropical biodiversity, but its effects on distinct taxa remain unclear. Furthermore, most studies have failed to investigate the effects of habitat loss for taxa with contrasting life histories, potentially underestimating those impacts.

Here, using an unprecedented sampling effort, we investigated the effects of forest amount on the diversity, composition and size structure of Amazonian terrestrial and aquatic insects.

We sampled the insect fauna across Earth's largest man‐made forest archipelago 36 years after impoundment (Balbina reservoir, Central Amazon, Brazil) using 236 sticky traps placed on forest islands, the open‐water matrix and adjacent continuous forests. Using fivefold cross‐validated computer vision models, we identified and measured 22,471 individual insects. To consider sampling bias on diversity estimation, we used individual‐based rarefaction to partition diversity into components that explained community evenness and regional species pool size. We also applied coverage‐based rarefaction to estimate changes in community composition, reducing potential bias.

Low forest amount led to low dominance of terrestrial insects; conversely, it boosted populations of aquatic insects. We report similar effects of forest cover on regional species pool size of aquatic and terrestrial insects, highlighting the importance of large tracts of forest within the landscape to foster diverse communities. Large terrestrial insects were most likely to disperse across the inhospitable floodwater matrix compared to their smaller counterparts.

Future studies should consider multi‐taxa approaches to properly quantify impact estimates of land‐use change on biodiversity, which can diverge widely depending on species life history traits. Generalizations and any target conservation action cannot be made without explicitly considering how forest cover can affect species depending on their life history traits.

This study pioneers the use of deep learning to rapidly assess over 22,000 Amazonian insects, revealing life history‐dependent winners and losers from forest loss. It shows that terrestrial insects decline while aquatic insects thrive, with body size influencing dispersal, offering key insights for biodiversity conservation in tropical fragmented landscapes.