# Sex and gender-related differences in neurological diseases: current challenges and recommendations for clinical practice

## TL;DR

This paper highlights how sex and gender affect neurological diseases and suggests ways to improve clinical care and research.

## Contribution

The paper provides new clinical recommendations for addressing sex and gender differences in six neurological conditions.

## Key findings

- Sex and gender influence the epidemiology, risk factors, and treatment of neurological diseases.
- Women are underrepresented in clinical studies, affecting the understanding of sex-specific outcomes.
- Personalized treatment approaches based on sex and gender are recommended for better outcomes.

## Abstract

Neurological diseases include a large variety of conditions ranging from inflammatory, vascular and neurodegenerative disorders to epilepsy and headache. The impact of sex and gender on various aspects of these conditions (epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical features, treatment, and management of pregnancy and breastfeeding) is still not entirely taken into consideration, despite a rapidly increasing body of evidence. This position paper covers six neurological conditions (Alzheimer’s Disease, Cerebrovascular disease, Parkinson’s disease, Epilepsy, Headache disorders, Multiple Sclerosis) providing an overview of available evidence on sex and gender differences, identifying knowledge gaps and providing recommendations for clinical practice and future studies. We recommend taking into consideration modifiable sex and gender specific risk factors, the role of hormones across women’s lifespan and a personalized treatment approach based on gender. We also recommend that future efforts should be devoted to increase the representation of women in clinical studies, to promote sex and gender-based guideline production and to better characterize the safety profile in pregnancy of newer drugs.