# Design, Fabrication, and Application of Stretchable Electronic Conductors

**Authors:** Bin Cheng, Jingting Zhuo, Yao Zhou, Jiaxiang Chen, Lingyun Cao, Jiangfeng He, Zhihong Chen, Xiaoxiao Ma, Juan Wang, Honglong Li, Guowei Yang, Fang Yi

PMC · DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-02009-3 · Nano-Micro Letters · 2026-01-05

## TL;DR

This paper reviews recent progress in stretchable electronic conductors, covering materials, designs, fabrication, and applications, while highlighting challenges and future directions.

## Contribution

The paper provides a novel emphasis on performance enhancement strategies and application requirements for stretchable electronic conductors.

## Key findings

- Stretchable electronic conductors are essential components in next-generation electronics.
- Recent advances in material categories and fabrication techniques have improved performance.
- Challenges remain in achieving long-term stability and scalability for practical applications.

## Abstract

A comprehensive review of recent advances in stretchable electronic conductors including the material categories, structure designs, fabrication techniques, and applications.A novel emphasis on the characteristics, performance enhancement strategies, and application requirements of stretchable electronic conductors.An exhaustive analysis of the existing challenges and future prospects for stretchable electronic conductors.

A comprehensive review of recent advances in stretchable electronic conductors including the material categories, structure designs, fabrication techniques, and applications.

A novel emphasis on the characteristics, performance enhancement strategies, and application requirements of stretchable electronic conductors.

An exhaustive analysis of the existing challenges and future prospects for stretchable electronic conductors.

Stretchable electronics have been recognized as intriguing next-generation electronics that possess huge market value, and stretchable electronic conductors (SECs) are essential for stretchable electronics, which not only can serve as critical functional components but also are the indispensable electronic connections bridging various electronic components within stretchable electronic systems. Herein, we offer a comprehensive review of recent progress in SECs including the material categories, structure designs, fabrication techniques, and applications. The characteristics, performance enhancement strategies, and application requirements are emphasized. Based on the recent advances, the existing challenges and future prospects are outlined and discussed.

## Full-text entities

- **Genes:** GEM (GTP binding protein overexpressed in skeletal muscle) [NCBI Gene 2669] {aka KIR}
- **Diseases:** fatigue (MESH:D005221), CVD (MESH:D019966), LM (MESH:D013651), SECs (MESH:C536383), SOSCs (MESH:D000092130), PVC (MESH:C536210), APBC (MESH:D053632)
- **Chemicals:** PANI (MESH:C416807), nitrogen (MESH:D009584), pyrrole (MESH:D011758), PU (MESH:D011005), quartz (MESH:D011791), propylene glycol (MESH:D019946), ethylene glycol (MESH:D019855), PEDOT:PSS (MESH:C533756), Au (MESH:D006046), Ga (MESH:D005708), phytic acid (MESH:D010833), PVC (MESH:D011143), HCl (MESH:D006851), V (MESH:D014639), PAN (MESH:C010504), KOH (MESH:C029943), chitosan (MESH:D048271), Pt (MESH:D010984), maleic acid (MESH:C030272), SIO2 (MESH:D012822), 1,6-hexane dithiol (MESH:C501433), dopamine (MESH:D004298), polyethylene terephthalate (MESH:D011093), polypropylene (MESH:D011126), AAM (MESH:D020106), Na (MESH:D012964), PEO (MESH:D011092), MXene (MESH:C000723374), isopropyl alcohol (MESH:D019840), 2D metal carbides (-), serpentine (MESH:C009244), In (MESH:D007204), zinc (MESH:D015032), P (MESH:D010758), Ni (MESH:D009532), citric acid (MESH:D019343), p-tert-octylphenol (MESH:C105260), Metal (MESH:D008670), PVP (MESH:D011205), lignin (MESH:D008031), NaClO4 (MESH:C031068), lithium (MESH:D008094), sulfur (MESH:D013455), Aniline (MESH:C023650), PVA (MESH:D011142), silicone (MESH:D012828), polydopamine (MESH:C568283), trimethyl phosphate (MESH:C003715), carbon nitrides (MESH:C011206), oxide (MESH:D010087), DMSO (MESH:D004121), CNT (MESH:D037742), CaCl2 (MESH:D002122), P(VDF-TrFE) (MESH:C073666), Polymer (MESH:D011108), acetone (MESH:D000096), ethanol (MESH:D000431), silicon (MESH:D012825), Carbon (MESH:D002244), PDs (MESH:D010165)
- **Species:** Flammulina velutipes (species) [taxon 38945], Rattus norvegicus (brown rat, species) [taxon 10116], Homo sapiens (human, species) [taxon 9606]

## Full text

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## Figures

14 figures with captions in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12770152/full.md

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Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12770152